Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, approximately 14 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths each year. Doxorubicin is a well-known chemotherapy drug which frequently used in treating various types of cancer. However, doxorubicin posesses several side effects including cardiotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and immunosuppression. One of the natural product that can be used as an adjuvant of doxorubicin to reduce the toxic effects is garlic chives (Allium tuberosum). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Allium tuberosum based on hematological profile, levels of CD4+, CD8+, and MDA serum of male Wistar rats which induced by doxorubicin. The hematological profile was analyzes by blood smear, levels of CD4+ and CD8+ were conducted by flowcytometry and levels of MDA serum were determined by spectrofotometry. The results showed that the etanolic extract of Allium tuberosum (EAT) increased neutrophil and lymphocyte, percentage of CD4+ cells (p<0.01) and CD8+ cells. It also decreased the levels of serum MDA (p<0.01). These results indicated that EAT work as immunostimulant possibly through an antioxidant mechanism (MDA). It can be concluded that EAT can be developed as adjuvant for doxorubicin.

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> High number of antibiotic resistance cases in livestock will impact on increasing cases of microbe’s infection. On the other hand, the use of synthetic antibiotics is currently limited. A possible alternative can be used is the utilization of foods that possess medicinal effects (nutraceuticals). The use of animal feed sourced from Diptera larvae has been increasing widely, due to its high protein content. In addition, it is comprised of nutraceuticals as antimicrobial peptides like lucifensin. This study aimed at determining the potential of lucifensin as a nutraceutical product for livestock based on bioinformatics study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is descriptive research. The lucifensin protein data was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The protein relationship analysis was performed using Blast-NCBI and lipinski Rules of 5 (Ro5) analysis to determine its potential as an oral drug (bioavailability). The molecular docking was used Swiss Docking online with lucifensin as target protein and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTAs) of <em>Staphyllococus aureus</em> as ligand.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The relationship analysis results showed that the lucifensin protein was related to two proteins of the other orders of diptera such as phormicin and sapecin. This protein belongs to the defensin protein family in which its coding genes are conserved until the order level. The Ro5 results showed that the mass of lucifensin protein was 312 daltons, its high lippopolycity was -0.5, it has five hydrogen bond donors, six hydrogen bond acceptors, and its molar refractivity was 77.14. Toxicity test also showed that this protein is classified as a safe component, and the docking results illustrate a strong energy bond that plays an important role in antimicrobial activity.</p><p><strong></strong><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, lucifensin protein in the <em>Lucilia sp.</em> larvae is potential to be used as a livestock nutraceutical source that acts as an antimicrobial peptide.</p>

In 2013, 198 million cases of malaria were reported globally and 584,000 of them died. As much as 78% of cases occurred in children under five years of age. Indonesia is a has the second highest malaria incidence rate after India in the Asian region. Severe malaria can be characterized by the presence of severe anaemia, hyperparasitemia or cerebral malaria. Severe anaemia due to malaria or severe malaria anaemia (SMA) often occurs in children who suffer from falciparum malaria. SMA occurs due to a decrease in COX-2-PGE2, caused by phagocytosis of PfHz (Plasmodium falcyiparum-derived Hemozoin) by monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. PfHz is a crystalline compound formed from the aggregation of heme hosts. Fe2+ is one of the constituents of heme, luteolin can bind Fe2+ so that the bond between luteolin and Fe2+ in heme prevents the formation of PfHz, so that severe anaemia can be prevented. Like other naturally occurring active compounds, luteolin has low bioavailability in the body so it is encapsulated using Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). SLN is useful for increasing the bioavailability of luteolin in the body, while PEG is useful for preventing the destruction of luteolin-SLN by RES. The modified construction process includes the following steps: (1) luteolin extraction from Allium fistulosum and (2) luteolin encapsulation using SLN-PEG. The potential dose to be administered orally to humans is 2.43–8.11 µg/kg body weight. Keywords: luteolin, polyethylene glycol, severe malaria anaemia, solid lipid nanoparticles