The OECD Principles on Water Governance set out various requirements for stakeholder engagement. Coupled with conceptualizations of social learning, this article asks how we define and enact stakeholder engagement and explores the actual practice of engagement of stakeholders in three fields of water governance. The results suggest that a key consideration is the purpose of the stakeholder engagement, requiring consideration of its ethics, process, roles and expected outcomes. While facilitators cannot be held accountable if stakeholder engagement 'fails' in terms of social learning, they are responsible for ensuring that the enabling conditions for social learning are met. ARTICLE HISTORY

The OECD Principles on Water Governance set out various requirements for stakeholder engagement. Coupled with conceptualizations of social learning, this article asks how we define and enact stakeholder engagement and explores the actual practice of engagement of stakeholders in three fields of water governance. The results suggest that a key consideration is the purpose of the stakeholder engagement, requiring consideration of its ethics, process, roles and expected outcomes. While facilitators cannot be held accountable if stakeholder engagement 'fails' in terms of social learning, they are responsible for ensuring that the enabling conditions for social learning are met.

This article discusses WaterPyramid technology, which addresses the need for clean drinking water in developing countries where access to clean water is limited and resources are scarce. WaterPyramids use sustainable technology to process clean water out of saline, brackish, and polluted water, and removes contaminants such as arsenic and fluoride. The article discusses supporting technology such as solar energy, desalination by evaporation and condensation, and rainwater harvesting, which are all used in WaterPyramid technology. The first WaterPyramid pilot projects were constructed in May 2005 in Gambia. In March 2009, the first project was initiated using two fully integrated WaterPyramids on Pamana Island, an Indonesian island near Flores. The article discusses the financial sustainability of this technology.