This systematic review evaluates the marginal integrity of flowable and packable bulk fill composite materials placed in class II cavities. Electronic databases inclusive of MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched without restriction to date. The titles and abstracts of publications gathered from database searches were screened by reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From as initial yield of 142 articles ten studies were subject to qualitative analysis. The authors emphasized that marginal integrity in enamel and dentin does not significantly differ between flowable and packable bulk fill composites used for class II restorations. Moreover, their marginal integrity was comparable to conventional resin composites with incremental techniques. The adhesive system used with a total etch technique and assessed margin located in enamel resulted in better marginal integrity.

Contrary to the drive to simplify bonding technologies, an appreciation of their adhesive components and how these perform according to bonding technique could yield a knowledge-based practical approach that ultimately improves the longevity of direct composite restorations.

The removal of the upper third molar is a procedure commonly performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Maxillary third molars are generally less difficult to extract than mandibular third molars. The surgical removal of maxillary third molars is usually associated with low complication rates and low morbidity. This procedure involves the risk of developing complications such as oroantral communication, displacement into adjacent anatomic spaces, fracture of the maxillary tuberosity, and root fracture. Orthopantomograms are the standard preoperative imaging modality, but there is no proven tool for predicting oroantral communication. New possibilities have been offered by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), which is increasingly used in dentistry and is an innovative technique that provides more information as it eliminates the superimposition of surrounding structures and allows the acquisition of 3-dimensional images and their qualitative assessment. The aim of this systematic review was to assess risk factors during the extraction of the upper third molar using orthopantomograms and CBCT.Key words: cone-beam computed tomography, radiography, third molar, oroantral fistula Słowa kluczowe: stożkowa tomografia komputerowa, radiografia, trzeci ząb trzonowy, połączenie ustno-zatokowe

SUMMARY Objective: This study evaluated the effect of etching mode and thermomechanical loading on universal adhesives. Methods and Materials: Two universal adhesives, Peak Universal and Adhese Universal, were used in two etching modes as the experimental groups: Peak Universal etch-and-rinse (PER), Peak Universal self-etch (PSE), Adhese Universal etch-and-rinse (AER), and Adhese Universal self-etch (ASE). Two adhesives considered gold standards were used as control groups: OptiBond FL (OER) was used as a control group for the etch-and-rinse (ER) mode, and Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) was used as a control group for the self-etch (SE) mode. Standardized class V cavities were created on the buccal and lingual surface in 30 extracted caries-free human third molars. Each adhesive and resin composite was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were subjected to thermomechanical loading (TML) immediately after the fillings were placed. Before and after TML, replicas and photographs of the fillings were performed and evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for quantitative analyses, and Fisher exact test was used for qualitative analysis. Results: Adhese Universal achieved a significantly higher percentage of continuous margin in the enamel than Peak Universal for the two types of etching both before and after TML (except for the SE group after TML). In dentin, the greatest percentage of continuous margin was achieved for Adhese Universal in the ER group (100%) before TML and for both universal adhesives in the SE groups (61%) after TML. For both etching modes and both time points, Adhese Universal had a greater percentage of continuous margin than Peak Universal for the whole margin. For the ER approach, significant differences were observed both before and after TML, and for the SE approach, significant differences were observed before TML. TML did not cause a significant decrease in the percentage of continuous margin in the enamel, but the results were the opposite in dentin. A qualitative assessment using World Dental Federation criteria did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Scanning electron microscope assessment of marginal integrity showed that the evaluated factors such as etching mode and TML significantly influenced the marginal integrity of the universal adhesives. The replica method shows that laboratory and clinical assessment methods complement each other and give a broader view of marginal integrity.