Current techniques with fine and cutting needle biopsies permit greatly improved selection of patients with thyroid nodules for operation. A diagnosis of definite or probable carcinoma was confirmed in 95% of 76 patients, and the addition of the category of indeterminate cellular nodule resulted in an overall frequency of carcinoma in 86%. Therefore, the frequency of operations for benign thyroid nodules was dramatically decreased. Critical for the use of needle biopsy of the thyroid is experience in obtaining an adequate and representative sample of the nodule, as well as in cytologic and histologic interpretation of the tissue. Results of needle biopsy of thyroid nodules should be correlated with clinical findings even though the latter criteria provide a much less accurate index of the need of operation.The frequency of carcinoma in patients selected for operation can be increased from the 15% to 30% experienced in the past to a level of approximately 85% by needle biopsy. Thyroid nodules that are recognized as cellular by needle biopsy, but in which carcinoma cannot be ruled out should be treated surgically. Improved selectivity for operation for thyroid nodules has not yet significantly reduced the total number of patients undergoing operation in our practice. Some thyroid nodules that would have been treated nonoperatively in the past are now recognized as needing surgery. Operative eradication of nodules that have been considered clinically benign and managed as such in the past, but which are now recognized as being actual or possible carcinoma by needle biopsy conceivably will reduce the frequency of anaplastic or invasive carcinoma in the future. Falsenegative results have been recognized in 1% or less of patients. A preoperative diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma by needle biopsy permits an immediate, definitive surgicalPresented at the meeting of the International Association of Endocrine Surgeons,

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Sensor Networks have been receiving increasing attention from the research and development communities for their wide range of applications in areas such as security, surveillance, environmental monitoring and health care. To evaluate the solution to a problem in this area, it is often infeasible to have a practical deployment of a sensor network. In such cases, simulations in the form of computer software programs are

PWC (Process Window Centering) is an efficient methodology to validate or adjust and center the overall process window for a particular lithography layer by detecting systematic and random defects. The PWC methodology incorporates a defect inspection and analysis of the entire die that can be automated to provide timely results. This makes it a good compromise between FEM (Focus Exposure Matrix), where centering is based only on CD (critical dimension) measurements of a few specific structures and PWQ (Process Window Qualification) which provides very detailed defect inspection and analysis, but is more time consuming for lithography centering. This paper describes the application of the PWC methodology for 22 nm lithography centering in IBM's Albany and EastFishkill development facilities using KLA-Tencor's 28xx brightfield defect inspection system. 978-1-4244-6519-7/10/$26.00

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