Aim: To compare the effectiveness of Maitland mobilization and pain release phenomena for Pain, Range of motion disability in early knee osteoarthritis. Methodology: Randomized control trail was conducted at Department of Physical Therapy, Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan within a duration of 6 months. Participants aged between 35-60 years including both genders, diagnosed with stage 1 and 2 knee osteoarthritis were included. Range of motion (ROM) was assessed by Goniometer, Numeric pain rating scale(NPRS) used for pain and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores used for knee disability. IBM SPSS 24 was used for statistical analysis. Non-parametric tests were used for NPRS while parametric test were used for knee ROM and knee disability . Results: Total 47 participants, were analyzed in which mean age in Experimental Maitland mobilization group A was 45.3±6.06 while mean age in experimental pain release phenomena group B was 45.4±4.59. Between-group analysis for NPRS was significantly improved at post intervention having p value (0.03). Between group comparison of knee ROM and WOMAC also showed significant p value. (p value=<0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that both techniques are equally effective in decreasing pain, improving knee ROMs and functional mobility in early knee osteoarthritis. Keywords: Knee Osteoarthritis; Early Mobilization ; Knee Joint Pain; Knee Joint Range Of Motion; Knee Disability.

Aim: To determine effects of Kinect- based games on neurocognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Methodology: A quasi experimental pre-post trail was conducted on 18 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) older adults. The subjects were recruited to access cognitive impairment through purposive sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were elderly aged ≥ 50 years, both genders, able to read and write, whereas older adults with severe cognitive impairments, neurological disorders and un controlled comorbidities were excluded. Brain training was provided for 30 minutes with 5-minute warm-up time and 5-minute cool-down time for 6 weeks. Blind assessor measured readings at baseline and after six weeks. The outcome measures were Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), Trail making test A & B and verbal fluency test (Semantic &Phonemic). The data was analyzed at baseline and after six weeks of intervention Results: Significant improvements were observed in post-test measurements (p <0.05) in MMSE, MoCA, TMT A & B and verbal fluency (Semantic &Phonemic) tests after 6 weeks of treatment. Conclusion: Kinect-based virtual reality games are beneficial in improving cognitive abilities of older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Keywords: Cognitive training, Mild cognitive impairment, Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders and related factors among female school teachers of Peshawar. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted from February 2019 to July 2019 among primary and secondary female school teachers (n=289) in Peshawar. Data was collected from using semi-structured questionnaire. Outcome measures were based on modified version of Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Descriptive statistics was used to summarize qualitative variables in the form of frequencies and percentages. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative variables. Chi-square test was used to find association. The significant P value was <0.05. Results: Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders was 82.7%. The overall mean age of sample was 37.5±8.47. Most common sites of pain were low back 60.2% followed by neck pain 50.2%, ankle pain 48.4% and shoulder pain 44.3%. Factors that showed significant relationship were long time standing (p=0.001), long time sitting (p=0.039), checking copy/paper marking (p value 0.023) and uncomfortable work chair/table (p = 0.012). Conclusion: Female school teachers showed high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain disorders, low back was the most common site for pain followed by ankle and shoulder. Risk factors associated with pain were long time standing, long time sitting, checking copy/paper marking and uncomfortable work chair/table. Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorder, ergonomics, Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, low back pain, neck pain.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of fall among geriatric population and to find out risk factors associated with fall. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 223, raised through non-probability convenient sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were older adults both genders, aged 60 years and above. The exclusion criteria were older persons with severe and uncontrolled co morbidities that include diabetes, hypertension, memory impairment, stroke, psychiatric disorders, and use of any walking aid. Data was collected through semi structured questionnaire. Fall risk assessment scale was used to categorize fall risk status in older persons. Data was analyzed using SPSS 24. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were applied. Results: The overall mean age of participants was 67.61±5.64 years. Out of 223 participants, females were 134(60.1%) and 89(39.9%) were males. The prevalence of falls reported in elderly was 42.6%. Most prevalent fall were reported under category of 1-2 falls, out of which females had 43(32.1 %) and males had 29 (32.6%) falls. Among study participants 87 (39.0%) were in high-risk group while 136(61.0%) participants were in low-risk group. Furthermore, weak eyesight, use of medications, vertigo/imbalance, and chronic medical conditions (p<0.05) were considered as most significant risk factors with fall. Conclusion: The study showed significant number of older adults who had fall. Female were at high risk of fall. Weak eyesight, use of medications, vertigo/imbalance, and chronic medical conditions were found to be most prevalent risk factors associated with fall. Keywords: Fall, geriatrics, aging, fall risk, prevalence, old age

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to create awareness of holistic Screening approach about Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy among Physical Therapists in Twin Cities. A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad for of 6 months. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out and non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 110 Physical Therapists (58.1% females and 41.8% Males. A specified semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from Physical Therapists. Results: This study was carried out on 110 Physical Therapists. Results of our study showed that 94 (85.5%) Physical Therapists screened patients with different modalities such as 7 (6.4%) used touch perception, 6 (5.5%) used pain perception, 2 (1.8%) used vibration perception and only 1 (.9%) used ankle deep tendon reflex. 97 (88.2%) Physical Therapists assessed pain by different methods such as Pin prick method was used by 67 (60.9%) therapist, VAS was used by 15 (13.6%) therapists, 87 (79.1%) Physical Therapists assessed touch sensation. 21 (19.1%), used cotton ball, 5 (4.5%) used manual touch while 41 (37.3%) were having no specific response. Conclusion: It is concluded that Physical Therapists of twin cities are aware of basic screening steps for Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy and they utilize appropriate tool/modalities for assessing sensations and motor reflexes. This highlight the up to date evidence-based knowledge of PT working in twin cities.