Falls are one of the most common problems that older people face, and they are a major contributor to their higher morbidity and mortality rates. Anxiety over falling, whether actual or perceived, is the most common description of this condition. Objective: To assess prevalence and risk factors of fear of falling among old population in Lahore, Pakistan Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 139 old age population. The data was collected on the spot from the University of Lahore teaching hospital and doctor hospital. Data was collected using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Fall efficacy scale 1 and self-administered questionnaire were used for data collection. Results: 64% of the 139 participants were female, while 39.6% were male; 19 (13.7%) were over 80 years old, while 36 (24.9%) were 60 to 69 years old; BMI of 71 (51%) was below normal; and 62 (44.6%) had a history of falling. Fear of falling was expressed by 62.6% of the older population, and it was linked to all risk factors. Conclusion: Fear of falling is very common in the old population of Lahore, Pakistan Furthermore age, BMI, and past fall experience were all connected to fear of falling.

Introduction Attitude toward participation in the research plays an important role in the quality of any research. Therefore, researchers aimed at construction and piloting of scale to measure attitude toward research participation for university students. Method and Results In Study I, an initial pool of items was generated on the basis of literature review, semi-structured interviews and expert opinions. After ensuring content validity and finalizing items with the help of experts, the scale was applied on a sample of 426 university students including both men (n = 114) and women (n = 312) with age range of 17–30. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the two factor structure was with 60.33% cumulative variance. The factors revealed were positive attitude and negative attitude toward research with alpha reliability of 0.84 for positive attitude while 0.76 for negative attitude. In Study II, confirmatory factor analysis revealed excellent model fit indices with two factor structure. Study III was meant to provide evidence of construct validity. Positive correlation showed exploration and curiosity with positive attitude toward research and negative correlation of exploration and curiosity with negative attitude toward research participation provided strong evidence for convergent validity. While non-significant correlation of attitude toward research with religiosity confirmed the divergent validity of the scale. Conclusion Findings of the study revealed that Attitude Toward Research Participation Scale is a valid and reliable measure. It can be used for university students to measure their attitude toward research.

Background: Total etch versus selected etch adhesives can either be used. Aim: To compare the clinical outcome of class 1 composite restorations using total-etch and selective etch adhesives. Methods: 50 patients of class I restorations were included in this study. They were divided in two groups i.e. Group 1 for total etch technique, while Group 2 for selective etch technique. Results: The mean ages in total etch technique were 27.72±5.26 years and 27.52±5.56 years in selected etch technique. There were 20 males (40%) and 30 females (60%) in total etch technique with male while in selected etch technique, 22 males (44%) and 28 females (56%). Selected etch technique was found to be more successful in clinical performance for Class I filling restorations (P<0.05). Conclusion: Selected etch technique was found to be more successful in clinical performance for Class I filling restorations. Keywords: Class I direct composition restoration, Etching.

Background: The composite restoration of anterior is always a challenging job. Aim: To compare the clinical outcome of class 2 direct composite restorations using total-etch and selective etch adhesives, according to USPHS criteria. Methods: One hundred patients were included in this randomized controlled clinical trial study at Operative Dentistry department of LMDC, Lahore. They were divided in two groups. Group 1 for total etch technique, group 2 for selective etch technique enamel was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 second and then washed thoroughly with water for 5-10 seconds and was dried with air for 5 seconds till frosty white and bond with self etch. Results: The majority of patients were in the age range of 25-31 years, 25 (50%) patients used total etch technique and 22 (44%) patients used selected etch technique. When compare the overall rating for restorations, 38 patients (76%) have acceptable restoration in total etch technique and 46 patients (92%) in selected etch technique. Statistically the difference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Selected etch technique presented a successful clinical performance over total etch technique for Class II restorations. Keywords: Class II direct composition restoration, Total etch technique, Selected etch technique.