Purpose:To evaluate the influence of subtotal radiofrequency (RF) ablation on a tumor-specific immune response in a murine tumor model and to explore the role of intratumoral dendritic cells (ITDCs) in mediating this effect. Materials and Methods:Animal work was performed according to an approved protocol and in compliance with the National Cancer Institute Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines and regulations. A murine urothelial carcinoma (MB49) model expressing the male minor histocompatibility (HY) antigen was inoculated subcutaneously in female mice. Fourteen days later, splenic T cells were analyzed with enzymelinked immunosorbent spot for HY immune response (n ϭ 57). In subsequent experiments, mice were randomized into control (n ϭ 7), RF ablation, ITDC (n ϭ 9), and RF ablation ϩ ITDC (n ϭ 9) groups and monitored for tumor growth. Eleven days after treatment, tumors were harvested for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Animals demonstrating complete tumor regression were rechallenged in the contralateral flank. Results:Animals treated with subtotal RF ablation showed significant increases in tumor-specific class I and II responses to HY antigens and tumor regression. RF ablation, ITDC, and combined groups demonstrated similar levels of antigenpresenting cell infiltration; all groups demonstrated greater levels of infiltration compared with untreated controls. ITDC injection also resulted in tumor regression. However, combination therapy did not enhance tumor regression when compared with either treatment alone. Rechallenged mice in RF ablation, ITDC, and combination groups demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition compared with controls. Conclusion:Subtotal RF ablation treatment results in enhanced systemic antitumor T-cell immune responses and tumor regression that is associated with increased dendritic cell infiltration. ITDC injection mimics the RF ablation effect but does not increase immune responses when injected immediately after RF ablation.

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Quantitative power Doppler ultrasound is a useful biomarker to monitor tumour blood flow following antiangiogenic treatment and to guide the application of RF ablation as a drug plus device combination therapy.