The underlying principles and content of new technology for automated hydrological predictions of poorly gauged and ungauged basins were reviewed herein. Basin classification principles depending on the availability and spatial-temporal discreteness of the observations of meteorological and hydrological variables were proposed. The prediction procedure for large river systems insufficiently covered by hydrometeorological survey was outlined. The prediction methodology for Sông Sê San river basin, which is the left tributary of Mekong river, was tested. The possible options for preliminary calibration and validation of MLCM3 predictive model (Multi-Layer Conceptual Model, 3 rd generation), developed within the framework of set task, were described. The software, implementing the streamflow prediction method for ungauged and poorly gauged special basins of large rivers tributaries, was tested.

The need to protect the rapidly developing Russia's economy and population requires timely warnings based on reliable forecasts. While such warnings should be issued for about one of approximately 2.6 million Russian streams (most of which are ungauged or poorly gauged), this can be done only in fully automated and quite approximate (virtually, qualitative) mode. In changing climate and variable anthropogenic impact on river basins, as well as due to quite low density of the surface hydrometeorological network, flash flood forecasting based on "traditional" physically based, or conceptual, or statistical hydrological models often becomes inefficient [Pivovarova 2016]. Thus, the basic task of the presented study can be posed as developing a fully automated system of qualitative forecasting risks of flooding regardless of the quality and spatiotemporal resolution of the available hydrometeorological data.The authors of the presented study realize that accurate and timely flash floods forecasting, especially, in ungauged and poorly gauged basins, is one of the most important and challenging problems to be solved by the international hydrological community; also, they understand that the accuracy and efficiency of forecasting depend, first of all, on 1 -data resolution and quality and 2 -the ability of used models to reflect the runoff generation processes properly. Therefore, the efficiency of flood forecasting in different basins also Journal of Ecological Engineering ABSTRACTAccurate and timely flash floods forecasting, especially, in ungauged and poorly gauged basins, is one of the most important and challenging problems to be solved by the international hydrological community. In changing climate and variable anthropogenic impact on river basins, as well as due to low density of surface hydrometeorological network, flash flood forecasting based on "traditional" physically based, or conceptual, or statistical hydrological models often becomes inefficient. Unfortunately, most of river basins in Russia are poorly gauged or ungauged; besides, lack of hydrogeological data is quite typical. However, the developing economy and population safety necessitate issuing warnings based on reliable forecasts. For this purpose, a new hydrological model, MLCM3 3 rd generation) has been developed in the Russian State Hydrometeorological University. The model showed good results in more than 50 tested basins.

The hydrological forecasting methods that have been used for many years in Russia require precision input data, which are difficult to obtain. Until now, none of forecasting systems, developed by Russian hydrologists, has been officially implemented in practice. In the face of an increasing number of catastrophic and destructive hydrometeorological hazards, the development of a modern automated system for operational flash floods forecasting is highly relevant in Russia. In this paper, a new technological chain for background streamflow forecasting is presented. The authors have attempted to create such a chain under the conditions of the country’s poor hydrometeorological network and difficulties in obtaining data and their assimilation. The chain presents a joined logistic scheme, which was developed based on analytical elaboration of scientific works of key Russian hydrologists. The paper also includes the analysis of the most efficient use of the hydrometeorological data available through the national observation network. This seems to be assimilation of satellite and radar data, in situ observations, numerical weather prediction models and catchment models outputs.

In recent decades there has been a trend towards an increase in the number of dangerous hydrological events, especially floods. In order to protect citizens and solve economic problems, it is important to develop and actively introduce into operational practice methods of hydrological forecasting, as well as to build more modern and convenient interfaces of interaction between hydrometeorological services, municipal authorities and citizens. This work discusses a compact automated short-term hydrological forecasting system that uses open-source conceptual models HBV, SimHYD and GR4J as its core. The system is connected to data streams on the observed temperatures and precipitation in the watershed basin, as well as the predicted values of these parameters (in a current implementation, the WRF model with a forecast for 84 hours is used). Also, for operational calibration in daily mode, the system can assimilate (if available) data on observed water levels. Testing of the system is carried out on the example of Tikhvin city (the Tikhvinka river), which in recent years has been characterized by frequent flooding.

Статья посвящена изучению происхождения и устройства редукциям Общества Иисуса, организованным в Парагвае в начале XVII в. Основная задача, которую преследовало активное формирование данных поселений, - это защита местных жителей от тирании колонистов, а позднее - охотников за головами «паулистов». Это было лишь одним аспектом - другая задача заключалась в попытке провести христианскую миссию и обратить местные языческие племена в католичество. Это было связано с большим количеством трудностей, связанных большей частью с тем, что в эпоху конкисты индейцы по естественным причинам не доверяли европейцам. Для преодоления данной проблемы в 1609 г. было решено организовать государство, куда, кроме членов Общества Иисуса, не мог попасть ни один европеец без специального пропуска. Уровень жизни индейцев во многих аспектах был даже выше, чем у среднестатистического крестьянина в Европе XII в., благодаря грамотному устройству редукции: иезуитам удалось достичь монополизации торговли на всей территории Латинской Америки. В итоге долгая и упорная работа ордена на территории редукции Парагвая достигла высоких результатов - к середине XVIII в. из 400 000 парагвайских индейцев было крещено около 100 000 человек. This article is devoted to the study of the origin and arrangement of the Society of Jesus reductions organized in Paraguay in the early seventeenth century. The main objective pursued by the active formation of these settlements was to protect the local inhabitants from the colonists’ tyranny and, later, from bounty hunters “Paulists”. The second goal attempted to carry out a Christian mission and convert local pagan tribes to Catholicism. That implied many challenges, for the most part, related to the fact that, during the Conquest era, the Indians naturally distrusted Europeans. To overcome this problem, it was decided in 1609 to set up a state where, apart from members of the Society of Jesus, no Europeans could enter without a special pass. The standard of living of the Indians was in many respects even higher than that of the average peasant in twelfth century Europe. Thanks to a wise arrangement of reductions: the Jesuits succeeded in monopolizing trade throughout Latin America. As a result, the Order’s tedious work on the territory of the Paraguay reduction achieved high results - by the mid-18th century, about 100,000 of the 400,000 Paraguayan Indians had been baptised.