Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels that are widely used in optogenetics. They allow precise control of neuronal activity with light, but a detailed understanding of how the channel is gated and the ions are conducted is still lacking. The recent determination of the X-ray structural model in the closed state marks an important milestone. Herein the open state structure is presented and the early formation of the ion conducting pore is elucidated in atomic detail using time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy. Photo-isomerization of the retinal-chromophore causes a downward movement of the highly conserved E90, which opens the pore. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations show that water molecules invade through this opened pore, Helix 2 tilts and the channel fully opens within ms. Since E90 is a highly conserved residue, the proposed E90-Helix2-tilt (EHT) model might describe a general activation mechanism and provides a new avenue for further mechanistic studies and engineering.
Background: Channelrhodopsin-2 is a light-gated ion channel extensively used in optogenetics.Results: Glu-90 is deprotonated in the open state and is crucial for ion selectivity.Conclusion: Protonation change of Glu-90 is part of the opening/closing of the conductive pore, and the functional protein unit is assumed to be the monomer.Significance: Understanding the gating mechanism is necessary for optimizing this optogenetic tool.
The light-gated ion channel … …c hannelrhodopsin-2 (ChR 2 )i st he key protein in optogenetics.I nt heir Communication on page 4953 ff., K. Gerwert et al. elucidate channel opening at amolecular level by ac ombination of time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations.
Kanalrhodopsine (Channelrhodopsins,C hRs) sind lichtgesteuerte Ionenkanäle,d ie zahlreiche Anwendungen in der Optogenetik finden. Sie ermçglichen die genaue Kontrolle neuronaler Aktivität durch Licht.H ier entwickeln wir auf der Basis zeitaufgelçster FTIR-Spektroskopie ein Modell für die frühe Bildung der ionenleitenden Pore auf molekularer Ebene. Die Photo-Isomerisierung des Retinal-Chromophors führt zu einer Abwärtsbewegung der hochkonservierten Aminosäure E90;dies çffnet die Pore.Moleküldynamik(MD-Simulationen zeigen das Eindringen von Wassermolekülen durch diese Öffnung in das hydrophobe Vestibül oberhalb der Pore.D adurch kippt Helix 2, und der Kanal çffnet sich vollständig innerhalb von Millisekunden. Da E90 in ChRs hochkonserviert ist, kçnnte das hier vorgestellte "E90-Helix2-tilt(EHT)-Modell" einen generellen Aktivierungsmechanismus darstellen. Es erçffnet einen neuen Ansatz für weitere mechanistische Studien sowied ie Mçglichkeit, den Kanal für spezifischeA nwendungen maßzuschneidern.
Der lichtgesteuerte Ionenkanal Channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) ist das Schlüsselprotein der Optogenetik. In ihrer Zuschrift auf beleuchten K. Gerwert et al. die Kanalöffnung auf molekularer Ebene mithilfe von zeitauflösender FTIR‐Spektroskopie und Moleküldynamiksimulationen.
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