In rectal cancer, ydwiT0 as assessed by the radiologist was the best and most practical imaging predictor of CR and scores over standard T2W HR images.

Giardial diarrhea in a birth cohort of 452 children in an urban slum in South India was characterized. Of the 155 episodes that occurred in 99 children, 73% were acute diarrhea. Children with better educated mothers and a toilet at home had lower odds of acquiring giardial diarrhea, whereas low socioeconomic status and drinking municipal water were associated with greater risk. Children with co-infections tended to have a slightly longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.061) and showed significantly more wasting after an episode than children with diarrhea resulting from Giardia alone (P = 0.032). Among the 99 cases, 50 diarrheal and 51 asymptomatic Giardia positive samples were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) at the triose phosphate isomerase gene. Assemblage B was predominant both in giardial diarrhea (80%) and asymptomatic giardiasis (94%). Children with Assemblage A subgroup-II alone or dual infections with both assemblage A and B had diarrhea more frequently (P = 0.07).

Introduction: We present one of the largest case series of Macrodystrophia lipomatosa, a rare congenital disorder of localized gigantism characterized by overgrowth of all the mesenchymal elements, predominantly involving the fibroadipose tissue. Aims: To detail the radiological features, pattern of distribution, associated conditions and to suggest an appropriate terminology to describe the condition. Methods and Material: It is a retrospective study. Data from PACS server dating from 2000 and 2018 was used. The cases with isolated enlarged limb or digit/digits with or without nerve involvement were included in the study. Statistical Analysis Used: Frequency and percentage were used for analysis of categorical variables. Results: A total of 31 cases was included for the final analysis, out of which 19 were males and 12 were females. Unilateral limb involvement was seen in 30 cases. The most common pattern identified was the ’nerve territory oriented’ type in 28 cases confined to the hand or foot, ’diffuse or pure lipomatous’ type in one case and mixed type was seen in two cases. The most common nerve territory involved was along the median nerve in the upper limb and along the medial plantar nerve in the lower limb. Neural involvement was seen in 16 cases of the upper limb and 10 cases of the lower limb. Syndactyly was seen in two cases, polydactyly in one case and symphalangism in one case. Conclusions: A diagnosis of macrodystrophia lipomatosa can be confidently made in cases with congenital isolated limb or digit/digits enlargement with or without fibrolipohamartoma of nerve. Radiographs and ultrasound are sufficient along with clinical examination to make accurate diagnosis. MRI is useful for assessing the extent and for planning surgery.

Background Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) provides information about the cellular density of tumors. This feature is useful in grading and identifying different tumor types. Purpose To assess the value of diffusion restriction and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in differentiating pediatric infratentorial tumors. Material and Methods This was a retrospective review of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 82 children (age range 1–16 years) with infratentorial tumors. Histopathological grading after surgical excision/biopsy was categorized as low grade (WHO grades I and II) (n = 31; 29 pilocytic astrocytomas, 2 ependymomas) and high grade (WHO grade III and IV) (n = 51; 40 medulloblastomas, 8 anaplastic ependymomas, 1 anaplastic astrocytoma, 2 atypical rhabdoid teratoid tumors [ATRT]). MRI features and ADC values were compared among tumor types and grades using a two-tailed t test, Mann–Whitney U test for continuous data and Chi-square test for categorical variables. Results Diffusion restriction and low ADC value was a feature of high-grade tumors ( P<0.001). The mean ADC values of the low-grade and high-grade tumors were 1.567 × 10−3mm2/s and 0.661 × 10−3mm2/s, respectively. Using 0.9 × 10−3mm2/s as the cut-off value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for differentiating the grades was 87%, 100%, 100%, and 81.8%, respectively. Significant differences were found between the mean ADC values of the individual tumor types ( P<0.05), except between medulloblastoma and ATRT. Conclusion ADC values and visual assessment of diffusion restriction are useful in tumor grading. The individual tumor types can be identified by an algorithmic approach, using DWI in conjunction with other described MRI features.

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