SummaryIn the realm of 5G mobile wireless communication, cognitive radio (CR) plays an important role in improving radio spectrum efficiency by overcoming challenges such as spectrum shortage versus under‐utilization associated with the traditional fixed frequency assignment. “Interweave CR, underlay CR, and overlay CR” are the three primary paradigmatics in general. The present study focuses on the overlay CR paradigm, wherein secondary users (SUs) have all been expected to be provided with superior “encoding and signal processing techniques” to improve primary users' (PUs') communication. Furthermore, to address concerns associated with inefficient spectrum usage, multiplexing methods like “non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and spatial modulation (SM)” have been implemented. NOMA makes use of the power domain to maximize spectrum usage, whereas SM makes use of the spatial domain. Multiple antennas, on the other hand, are expensive in terms of energy, magnitude, and equipment. Antenna selection is a low‐cost, low‐complexity method of capturing many of the NOMA system's advantages. As a consequence, this study offers the fitness familiarized lion algorithm (FFLA), a novel methodology for selecting the best antennas. Furthermore, the selection procedure involves identifying the stated objectives, which include energy usage and error minimization. Indeed, the suggested technique is an enhanced version of the lion algorithm (LA). Ultimately, the suggested work's performance is compared to and proven against other traditional models.
Purpose Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a much hopeful scheme, which is deployed to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) significantly, and it also enhances the massive access that has attained substantial concern from industrial and academic domains. However, the deployment of superposition coding (SC) at the receiver side resulted in interference. For reducing this interference, “multi-antenna NOMA” seems to be an emerging solution. Particularly, by using the channel state information at the transmitter, spatial beam forming could be deployed that eliminates the interference in an effective manner. Design/methodology/approach This survey analyzes the literature review and diverse techniques regarding the NOMA-based spatial modulation (SM) environment. It reviews a bunch of research papers and states a significant analysis. Initially, the analysis depicts various transmit antenna selection techniques that are contributed in different papers. This survey offers a comprehensive study regarding the chronological review and performance achievements in each contribution. The analytical review also concerns on the amplitude phase modulation (APM) selection schemes adopted in several contributions. Moreover, the objective functions adopted in the reviewed works are also analyzed. Finally, the survey extends with various research issues and its gaps that can be useful for the researchers to promote improved future works on NOMA-based SM. Findings This paper contributes to a review related to NOMA-based SM systems. Various techniques and performance measures adopted in each paper are analyzed and described in this survey. More particularly, the selection of transmission antenna and APM are also examined in this review work. Moreover, the defined objective function of each paper is also observed and made a chronological review as well. Finally, the research challenges along with the gaps on NOMA-based SM systems are also elaborated. Originality/value This paper presents a brief analysis of NOMA-based SM systems. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first work that uses NOMA-based SM systems to enhance SE.
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