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This paper presents analysis of Devanagari characters for writer identification. Being originated from Brahmic script, Devanagari is the most popular script in India. It is used by over 400 million people around the world. Application of writer identification of Devanagari handwritten characters covers a vast area such as The Questioned Document Examination (QDE) is an area of the Forensic Science with the main purpose to answer questions related to questioned document (authenticity, authorship and others). Signature verification in banking, in Graphology (study of handwriting) a theory or practice for inferring a person's character, disposition, and attitudes from their handwriting. Here we collect 5 copies of handwritten characters to nullify intra-writing variation, from 50 different people mainly students. After preprocessing and character extraction, 64-dimensional feature is computed based on gradient of the images. Some manual processing is required because some noises are too difficult to remove automatically as they are much closer to the characters. We have used LIBLINEAR and LIBSVM classifiers of WEKA environment to get the individuality of characters. We have done the writer identification with all the characters and obtained 99.12 % accuracy for LIBLINEAR with all writers. Features collected from this work can be used in the next level to identify writers from their cursive writing.

The importance of Internet in our lives today cannot be overemphasized. So much so that access to Internet has been declared a fundamental right of citizens in several countries such as Finland, Spain, and Greece [1]. In most of the developed countries, high-speed Internet connectivity is enabled through wired communication infrastructure such as Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL). Unfortunately, the situation is not particularly encouraging in developing countries due to non-availability of such a pervasive communication infrastructure. The difference in the fiber-deployed-to-population ratio across developed and developing countries further underscores this disparity; while this ratio is 1.2 in USA, it is barely 0.1 in India [2]. Owing to this inadequacy of fiber/DSL availability, cellular access technology has emerged as the primary broadband access mechanism in developing countries. However, the penetration of cellular network is limited in rural areas as its deployment becomes unviable due to challenges such as low average revenue per user, sparse population density, and intermittent availability of electricity. This situation leaves majority of the rural people unconnected thereby creating a massive rural urban digital divide. The next generation cellular system along with the use of unlicensed Wi-Fi Technology can bridge this divide if we overcome the above-mentioned challenges. However, since the Fifth Generation (5G) cellular technology has focus on requirements such as 10 Gbps data rate, 1 ms latency, and very high speed mobility, the problems of coverage and affordability are likely to persist, further widening the digital divide [3]. This article explains how Wi-Fi is being used for affordable high speed broadband in rural areas. A successfully implemented case study of Jharkhand state is also presented, and it can be adopted as reliable business model for 5G or 5G type services in rural areas [4].

This paper mainly aims to throw the light on telecom technologies of today and tomorrow. It briefly discusses, how technologies are now starting to be available to connect every village and also it details challenges faced by the technologies in rural areas. With these in mind, a total innovative business model is required to deliver Internet services to rural areas. In order to meet this need, a Danish technology start-up called BLUETOWN took the initiative to significantly enhance the quality of life of rural people in India in various villages of Eastern India by setting up a network of public Wi-Fi hotspots in various villages of India. The challenges from a technology point of view were many. The systems that provided the solution needed to be cost-effective, low maintenance and affordable to the rural masses [1].

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