Objectives: This study aimed to identify the specific relationship between subdomains of religious variables and cognitive functions in outpatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: We recruited 325 patients with AD from a psychiatry outpatient clinic. The Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease and the Duke University Religion Index were used to assess cognitive functions and religiosity. We performed structural equation modeling and partial correlation analysis after controlling for demographic data. Results: The model in which religiosity beneficially affects cognitive functions showed acceptable model fit (root-mean-square error of approximation ¼ 0.076, Tucker-Lewis index ¼ 0.921, comparative fit index ¼ 0.947). In the partial correlation analysis, organizational religious activity demonstrated positive relationships with memory (r ¼ 0.144, P ¼ .010), language (r ¼ 0.149, P ¼ .007), and constructional ability (r ¼ 0.191 P ¼ .001). Nonorganizational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity were positively associated with memory (r ¼ 0.115, P ¼ .040; r ¼ 0.140, P ¼ .012) and constructional ability (r ¼ 0.207, P ¼ .000; r ¼ 0.136, P ¼ .015). Conclusions: The findings suggest that religiosity positively affects cognitive functions and that each religious variable is related differently to the subdomains of cognitive functions in patients with AD.

Valerian root is the most commonly used herbal supplement for sedation and anxiolysis, but it is unknown whether it may affect functional brain connectivity.Our goal was to use electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether valerian root extract (VRE) affects resting-state connectivity changes and whether such changes are associated with clinical symptoms. This 4-week, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 64 nonclinical volunteers suffering psychological stress. The participants received VRE (100 mg) or a placebo thrice daily. We examined VRE's therapeutic effects on anxiety and stress-related psychological constructs. Functional brain connectivity changes were measured as EEG coherence in the alpha and theta frequency bands. The VRE and placebo groups both exhibited significant postintervention improvements on all clinical scales, but no significant between-group differences in these changes were noted. Compared with the placebo group, the VRE group exhibited significantly greater increases in frontal brain region alpha coherence across four electrode pairs, and these changes were significantly correlated with anxiolysis. The VRE group also exhibited significantly greater decreases in theta coherence across another four electrodes pairs. Our findings indicate that VRE alters functional brain connectivity in relation to anxiety.Further EEG studies are needed to confirm VRE's neurophysiological effects.

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