Background The effects of pharmacological blood pressure lowering at normal or high-normal blood pressure ranges in people with or without pre-existing cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. We analysed individual participant data from randomised trials to investigate the effects of blood pressure lowering treatment on the risk of major cardiovascular events by baseline levels of systolic blood pressure. MethodsWe did a meta-analysis of individual participant-level data from 48 randomised trials of pharmacological blood pressure lowering medications versus placebo or other classes of blood pressure-lowering medications, or between more versus less intensive treatment regimens, which had at least 1000 persons-years of follow-up in each group. Trials exclusively done with participants with heart failure or short-term interventions in participants with acute myocardial infarction or other acute settings were excluded. Data from 51 studies published between 1972 and 2013 were obtained by the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration (Oxford University, Oxford, UK). We pooled the data to investigate the stratified effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment in participants with and without prevalent cardiovascular disease (ie, any reports of stroke, myocardial infarction, or ischaemic heart disease before randomisation), overall and across seven systolic blood pressure categories (ranging from <120 to ≥170 mm Hg). The primary outcome was a major cardiovascular event (defined as a composite of fatal and non-fatal stroke, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction or ischaemic heart disease, or heart failure causing death or requiring admission to hospital), analysed as per intention to treat.Findings Data for 344 716 participants from 48 randomised clinical trials were available for this analysis. Pre-randomisation mean systolic/diastolic blood pressures were 146/84 mm Hg in participants with previous cardiovascular disease (n=157 728) and 157/89 mm Hg in participants without previous cardiovascular disease (n=186 988). There was substantial spread in participants' blood pressure at baseline, with 31 239 (19•8%) of participants with previous cardiovascular disease and 14 928 (8•0%) of individuals without previous cardiovascular disease having a systolic blood pressure of less than 130 mm Hg. The relative effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment were proportional to the intensity of systolic blood pressure reduction. After a median 4•15 years' follow-up (Q1-Q3 2•97-4•96), 42 324 participants (12•3%) had at least one major cardiovascular event. In participants without previous cardiovascular disease at baseline, the incidence rate for developing a major cardiovascular event per 1000 person-years was 31•9 (95% CI 31•3-32•5) in the comparator group and 25•9 (25•4-26•4) in the intervention group. In participants with previous cardiovascular disease at baseline, the corresponding rates were 39•7 (95% CI 39•0-40•5) and 36•0 (95% CI 35•3-36•7), in the comparator and intervention groups, respectively. Haz...

A 12-week randomized, double-blind, four-arm parallel-group, comparative study was conducted in patients with essential hypertension to evaluate the antihypertensive effect and safety of combination therapy with olmesartan medoxomil (OLM, an angiotensin-receptor blocker) 20 mg plus azelnidipine (AZL, a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (20) and AZL (16) monotherapy groups (À12.1/À6.9 and À12.0/À6.9 mm Hg). The proportion of patients achieving the SeBP goal (o130/85 mm Hg for normal BP or o140/90 mm Hg for high-normal BP) was significantly higher in the O/A (20/16) combination group than in the monotherapy groups. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the O/A combination groups and the monotherapy groups. These results showed that combination therapy with O/A was well tolerated and exerted a stronger antihypertensive effect compared with monotherapy with OLM or AZL in patients with essential hypertension.

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Background The effects of pharmacological blood-pressure-lowering on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals aged 70 years and older, particularly when blood pressure is not substantially increased, is uncertain. We compared the effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on the risk of major cardiovascular events in groups of patients stratified by age and blood pressure at baseline. MethodsWe did a meta-analysis using individual participant-level data from randomised controlled trials of pharmacological blood-pressure-lowering versus placebo or other classes of blood-pressure-lowering medications, or between more versus less intensive treatment strategies, which had at least 1000 persons-years of follow-up in each treatment group. Participants with previous history of heart failure were excluded. Data were obtained from the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Triallists' Collaboration. We pooled the data and categorised participants into baseline age groups (<55 years, 55-64 years, 65-74 years, 75-84 years, and ≥85 years) and blood pressure categories (in 10 mm Hg increments from <120 mm Hg to ≥170 mm Hg systolic blood pressure and from <70 mm Hg to ≥110 mm Hg diastolic). We used a fixed effects one-stage approach and applied Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by trial, to analyse the data. The primary outcome was defined as either a composite of fatal or non-fatal stroke, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction or ischaemic heart disease, or heart failure causing death or requiring hospital admission. FindingsWe included data from 358 707 participants from 51 randomised clinical trials. The age of participants at randomisation ranged from 21 years to 105 years (median 65 years [IQR 59-75]), with 42 960 (12•0%) participants younger than 55 years, 128 437 (35•8%) aged 55-64 years, 128 506 (35•8%) 65-74 years, 54 016 (15•1%) 75-84 years, and 4788 (1•3%) 85 years and older. The hazard ratios for the risk of major cardiovascular events per 5 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure for each age group were 0•82 (95% CI 0•76-0•88) in individuals younger than 55 years, 0•91 (0•88-0•95) in those aged 55-64 years, 0•91 (0•88-0•95) in those aged 65-74 years, 0•91 (0•87-0•96) in those aged 75-84 years, and 0•99 (0•87-1•12) in those aged 85 years and older (adjusted p interaction =0•050). Similar patterns of proportional risk reductions were observed for a 3 mm Hg reduction in diastolic blood pressure. Absolute risk reductions for major cardiovascular events varied by age and were larger in older groups (adjusted p interaction =0•024). We did not find evidence for any clinically meaningful heterogeneity of relative treatment effects across different baseline blood pressure categories in any age group.Interpretation Pharmacological blood pressure reduction is effective into old age, with no evidence that relative risk reductions for prevention of major cardiovascular events vary by systolic or diastolic blood pressure levels at randomisation, down to less than 120/70 mm Hg. Pharmacological blood pressure reduction ...

Although morning surge in blood pressure has been shown to be associated with the occurrence of myocardial ischemic events and stroke, few studies have been done regarding its pathogenesis, probably because of a lack of method for the quantitative assessment of awakening time. We conducted an echocardiographic study and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in 23 elderly hypertensive patients to evaluate the relationship between the hypertensive cardiac change and morning surge in blood pressure. Of note was that the time of arising from bed was assessed quantitatively by an activetracer equipped with an internal acceleration sensor to monitor the physical activity. The change in systolic blood pressure after arising from bed was correlated significantly with the left ventricular mass index (r = 0.51, P < .02) and the A/E ratio, which represents the diastolic function (r = 0.70, P < .01). In contrast, the change in systolic blood pressure before rising from bed was not correlated with any echocardiographic parameters. We conclude that the magnitude of morning surge in blood pressure after arising from bed was related with the severity of hypertensive target organ damage.