Along with the development of three-dimensional computer graphics, methods of collecting and making 3D spatial data available became a significant issue covering the interoperability of data derived from multiple sources. Between 2006 and 2008, the Open Geospatial Consortium designed a CityGML model as a proposal for a uniform classification, graphic representation, construction, and storage of 3D objects. A considerable part of three-dimensional visualisations, now gaining popularity, make use of solutions based on the CityGML standard, with which they are compatible to various degrees. The survey involved a comprehensive analysis of sixteen generally accessible 3D geoportals of cities in Europe, Asia, and North America in terms of their broad-sense functionality as well as technical and thematic compatibility with the assumptions of CityGML standards. The level of realisation of various features related to the provided spatial data services was evaluated, taking into account elements that the present-day world literature deems to be particularly desirable. The analysis resulted in an elaborate ranking of websites according to 21 criteria. The most common objects and features of the analysed geoportals were also detailed. In addition, the authors presented several solutions to improve the quality of three-dimensional geoportals of cities by implementing external data from various sources.

The consolidation of land to improve the agrarian structure and provide for sustainable rural development is a complex and multi-faceted process, and its efficiency depends on a considerable number of factors associated with its respective stages of desk studies and fieldwork. In order to ensure the highest-quality concepts and their efficient implementation, various measures are undertaken to improve, among other things, the methods for acquiring, collecting, and processing spatial data representing elements of reality saved in cadastral databases. There are a wide variety of available solutions oriented towards land consolidation improvement, but most of them refer to modifications that are difficult to implement due to, for instance, high costs, high technical requirements, and the absence of relevant legal regulations. Our study aimed to find a practical and applicable solution to a material problem in terms of land consolidation projects in Poland, a task associated with the necessity of converting cadastral database objects so that they were suitable for appraising the value of land, and designing new farmsteads based on the value of land held by particular participants of the land consolidation project. It involved the development and implementation of a self-designed algorithm for automated processing of auxiliary land-use/soil-valuation class objects into separate classes representing soil class contours and land use contours, in compliance with the current regulations governing the structure of the cadastre in Poland. The work resulted in the development of an innovative tool, making it possible, among other functions, to align object-generating methods as preferred by the administrator of the cadastral database. The designed algorithm model reduces data processing time to several seconds, while simultaneously eliminating the risk of error. The tool was thoroughly evaluated and then implemented at the Subcarpathian Office of Land Surveying and Agricultural Areas in Rzeszów, which is in charge of land consolidation projects in south-eastern Poland.

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Estimation of the value of land, underlying the design of constituent plots of the farmstead, is a decisive element of the complex procedure of land consolidation and exchange. Correctly estimated value of agricultural land is a prerequisite for adequate and equitable delimitation of land plots to improve the living conditions of local residents and ensure efficient and profitable agricultural activity. The dynamic development of technology contributes to the development of multiple tools, considerably improving design works and field surveys in the land consolidation process. The world reference literature also gives numerous examples of surveys to optimise the methods for estimating a land value for consolidation projects. However, in our opinion, despite a vast collection of self-designed calculation methods, available sources insufficiently address the optimisation of existing methods based on the current legal framework and implementing practices. This paper presents a self-designed solution for the fully automated performance of complex comparative estimation of land based on the existing cadastral data and a simplified array showing the estimated value. The tool resulted in developing a set of data for directly importing the outcomes of calculations into land surveying software supporting steps of the land consolidation process. Following detailed evaluation, the proposed self-designed solutions were implemented at the Subcarpathian Office of Land Surveying, and Agricultural Areas in Rzeszow for land consolidation works in the Subcarpathian voivodeship in southeastern Poland.