This paper concerns the effect of proppant embedment related to hydraulic fracturing treatment. This phenomenon occurs if the strength of a dry reservoir rock is lower than that of proppant grains. The aim of this research was the laboratory determination of the loss of width of the proppant pack built of light ceramic grains. A laboratory simulation of the embedment phenomenon was carried out for a shale rock on a hydraulic press in a heated embedment chamber specially prepared for this purpose. Tests were conducted at high temperature and axial compressive stress conditions. The surfaces of cylindrical core plugs (fracture faces) were imaged under an optical microscope equipped with 3D software. The fracture faces were examined and compared before and after the embedment phenomenon. Analysis of the obtained images of the fracture face was done, based on a research method of the embedment phenomenon developed at the Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute. On the basis of the laboratory tests, the parameters characterizing the embedment phenomenon were defined and discussed. In addition, the percentage reduction in the width of the proppant pack was determined.
Dobór dodatków do energetyzowanych płynów szczelinującychSzczelinowanie hydrauliczne jest obecnie najpopularniejszą metodą stymulacji złóż gazu i ropy w formacjach niekonwencjonalnych. Jest ono niezbędne do umożliwienia eksploatacji złóż węglowodorów z formacji o bardzo małej przepuszczalności, tj. tight gas. Pokłady węgla oraz łupki gazonośne nie mogą być eksploatowane bez wykonania tego typu zabiegów [10]. W przypadku, gdy użyte ciecze szczelinujące wykonane są na bazie wody, może wystąpić tzw. uszkodzenie przepuszczalności, spowodowane m.in. pęcznieniem minerałów ilastych lub działaniem innych mechanizmów fizycznych i chemicznych zachodzących w szczelinowanej formacji [5]. Rolą cieczy szczelinującej jest wygenerowanie i propagacja szczelin. Zastosowana ciecz powinna również posiadać odpowiednie właściwości, które pozwolą na utrzymanie wtłaczanych materiałów podsadzkowych w formie zawiesiny, a następ-nie umożliwią cieczy pozostawienie podsadzki w szczelinie wytworzonej w złożu. W poszukiwaniu innych metod szczelinowania zwrócono uwagę na zastosowanie cieczy energetyzowanych jako mniej inwazyjnej metody szczelinowania formacji wrażliwych na obecność wody. W artykule zaprezentowano badania laboratoryjne, które miały na celu dobór odpowiednich środków do energetyzowanych płynów szczelinujących, w tym: biocydów, środków powierzchniowo czynnych, polimerów i środków spieniających oraz ich stężeń. Głównym celem było opracowanie skutecznej metody oceny zależnych od czasu właściwości płynów szczelinujących w warunkach złożowych.Słowa kluczowe: płyny energetyzowane, płyny szczelinujące, dodatki do płynów spienionych. Selection of additives for energized fracturing fluidsHydraulic fracturing is now the most popular method of stimulating gas and oil reservoirs in non-conventional formations. Fracturing is necessary to enable the production of hydrocarbon from formations of very low permeability, i.e. tight gas, coal and gas-bearing shales deposits, that cannot be exploited without fracking [10]. When fracking fluids used are based on water, so-called permeability damage caused by, among others, swelling of clay minerals, or by other physical and chemical mechanisms taking place in a formation being fractured [5] is likely to occur. The role of fracking fluid is to generate and propagate fractures. Any applied fracking fluid, should also have appropriate properties to make forced proppant materials keep the form of a suspension, and then to make fluid leave proppant in a fracture generated in a reservoir. In the search for alternative methods of fracturing, we drew our attention to, the use of energized fluids as a promising method of fracturing water sensitive formations. The article presents laboratory tests that focused on the selection of appropriate fracturing fluids additives; including biocides, surfactants, polymers and foaming agents and their concentrations. The main aim was to develop effective methods for evaluation of time-dependent properties of the fracturing fluids, at reservoir conditions. Key words: energ...
The first objective of this experiment was to improve the stabilization of N2 based foam with nanoparticles as an alternative to typical fracturing fluid, which consists of a gelling agent (HPG—hydroxypropyl guar). The second objective of the project was to investigate the damage caused by nanoparticle–based nitrogen foamed fracturing fluids (F.F) on a reference sandstone, using permeability and porosity tests, optical microscope with a Profilometer, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The properties of F.F with two types of SiO2 nanoparticles (hydrophilic fumed silica Areosil 300 and silica sol U-2 obtained by the sol-gel method), such as rheology and core damage, were investigated. The discussion of this research results is based on the stability tests carried out with the use of rheology and the foam half-life, formation damage ratio, and observation of exposed samples using SEM and the Profilometer. The permeability and porosity damage ratios of the damaged core samples were found to decrease when nitrogen foamed fluids were used. These results were confirmed with the Profilometer and SEM images. The experimental data showed that the foam stability increased when silica (SiO2) nanoparticles were added. SiO2 nanoparticle-surfactant-stabilized foam for fracturing is superior to traditional water-based fracturing fluids and causes lower core permeability damage than a traditional F.F.
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