Leptomeningeal venous drainage of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae is the most important determinant of adverse clinical course. Factors that predispose to its occurrence have not been adequately addressed in the literature. In the present study, we investigated the relation of shunt location to the development of leptomeningeal venous drainage, with regard to the bridging veins. Angiographic data of 211 consecutive patients with cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae treated over 19 years were analyzed. Dural shunts with leptomeningeal venous drainage were found in 107 patients; of these, 71 patients had pure leptomeningeal venous drainage (Borden type 3). The angioarchitecture of the shunt, including pattern of arterial feeders, relation with the bridging veins, primary venous drainage, and venous outflow restrictions were recorded. After analysis of the 71 Borden type 3 shunts with exclusive leptomeningeal venous drainage, three patterns emerged. The commonest was the fistula engaging a bridging vein that had lost its connection to the parent sinus into which it previously drained; it was characterized by an arterial network of feeders converging onto the wall of a bridging vein, with leptomeningeal venous reflux. The other patterns were those of "isolated" sinus segment characterized by arterial feeders converging on to the wall of the dural sinus with leptomeningeal venous reflux following the opacification of the sinus and fistulae in the vicinity of the cribriform plate with two subtypes. The main angioarchitectural features of the 36 Borden type 2 shunts with mixed sinusal-cortical venous drainage were the presence of a diffuse arterial network of vessels converging onto a site in the wall of the dural sinus, with leptomeningeal venous reflux following the opacification of the sinus. In this group, four exceptions were noticed with arterial feeders converging onto a bridging vein and having a mixed venous drainage to the cortical venous system and the sinuses. We concluded that the exact location of the shunt with regard to the bridging veins is a key factor in the development of leptomeningeal venous drainage. Cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (CDAVFs) of either Borden type 2 or 3 do not constitute a homogeneous group. The great majority of these shunts present thrombotic phenomena.

A rare case of cavernoma in the region of the septum pellucidum is reported. A 35-year-old female patient presented with chronic headaches. Her neurological exam was normal. Her magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed a lesion within the inferior aspect of the septum pellucidum extending into the anterior third ventricular region, blocking the foramen of Monro, resulting in moderate supratentorial asymmetrical hydrocephalus. A central neurocytoma or subependymoma was suspected on imaging. Complete excision of the septum pellucidum cavernoma was performed using microneurosurgical techniques through an interhemispheric transcallosal route. The patient had an excellent outcome and is cured. Although rare, septum pellucidum cavernomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anterior third ventricular lesions in the region of foramen of Monro. The unusual location, atypical radiological features, differential diagnosis as well as surgical nuances in the management of a cavernoma in the septum pellucidum and anterior third ventricular region are discussed in the light of current literature.

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We report a case of a 22-year-old female who was operated at the age of 3 months for cervico-dorsal swelling. She presented with gradual onset, progressively worsening dull aching pain in the cervico-dorsal region, 21 years following previous surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging showed intradural dermoid cyst with the fluid level. She underwent excision of the dermoid cyst with excision of the wall. The clinical profile, etiopathogenesis, radiological features, and management of intraspinal dermoid cysts are discussed in the light of current literature.

Vertebroplasty is a commonly done procedure in osteoporotic compression fracture. Cement leakage is the most common complication associated with vertebroplasty. Infection following vertebroplasty is rare. Fungal spondylodiscitis following vertebroplasty has not been reported in the literature. The objective of this clinical case report was to highlight this rare fungal spondylodiscitis following vertebroplasty. A 67-year-old woman was diagnosed with osteoporotic compression fracture for which vertebroplasty was done. During the procedure, the primary surgeon noticed the cement leakage without any neurological complication. The patient was referred to us. The patient was diagnosed with spondylodiscitis with cement leakage. We performed an open biopsy with cement removal with posterior thoracic decompression and interbody fusion. On microbiological examination, Aspergillus fumigatus were isolated from multiple samples that were susceptible to voriconazole. On 1-month follow-up, patient’s pain significantly reduced with normalized inflammatory markers. Presence of immunocompromised status with diabetes mellitus and lack of quality operating theater with inadequate maintenance of sterility protocols during the procedure could be the reason for the infection.