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Background The developing nervous system in utero is exposed to various stimuli with effects that may be carried forward to the neonatal period. This study aims to investigate the effects of sound stimulation (music and speech) on fetal memory and learning, which was assessed later in neonatal period. Methods The MEDLINE (pubmed), Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched. Two reviewers selected the studies and extracted the data independently. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). Results Overall 3930 articles were retrieved and eight studies met the inclusion criteria. All of the included studies had good general quality; however, high risk of selection and detection bias was detected in most of them. Fetal learning was examined through neonatal electrocardiography (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), habituation tests, and behavioral responses. Seven studies showed that the infants had learned the fetal sound stimulus and one study indicated that the prenatally stimulated infants performed significantly better on a neonatal behavior test. There was considerable diversity among studies in terms of sound stimulation type, characteristics (intensity and frequency), and duration, as well as outcome assessment methods. Conclusions Prenatal sound stimulation including music and speech can form stimulus-specific memory traces during fetal period and effect neonatal neural system. Further studies with precisely designed methodologies that follow safety recommendations, are needed. Graphical Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to review the functional urology guidelines, relate the level of evidence (LOE) of their recommendations and highlight the discrepancies between the LOE and grade of recommendation. Materials and Methods: The electronic search was conducted in May 2019 and updated in February 2021. Three researchers separately reviewed the extracted guidelines based on the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument. We extracted recommendations from each guideline and ranked them into three Grades of A, B, and C; and their evidence into four levels of I to IV. Results: Among the published functional urology guidelines, 18 guidelines were published between 2014 and 2020. Overall, 592 recommendations were abstracted. Of these, 121 recommendations were related to evaluation or diagnosis, and the others (n = 471) on the disease management. These recommendations were in the field of urinary incontinence (UI) (n = 216), overactive bladder (OAB) (n = 172), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (n = 126), and neurogenic bladder (NGB) (n = 78). Subgroup analysis showed that most of the recommendations in relation to UI were Grade A (n = 111; 51.4%), and one-third were Grade C (n = 83; 38.4%). The remaining 22 recommendations were Grade B (10.2%). In OAB, most of the recommendations were Grade B (n = 67, 39.0%), 55 of them were Grade A (32.0%) and the rest were Grade C (n = 50, 29.1%). Among UI guidelines, 51 (45.9%) Grade A recommendations were supported by LOE I evidence, and 39 (47.0%) Grade C recommendations were supported by LOE IV evidence. Across OAB guidelines, 43 (78.2%) Grade A recommendations were supported by LOE I evidence, and 20 (40.0%) Grade C recommendations were supported by LOE IV evidence. Across LUTS guidelines, 34 (61.8%) Grade A recommendations were supported by LOE I evidence, and 14 (23.3%) Grade C recommendations were supported by LOE IV evidence. Among NGB guidelines, 21 Grade A recommendations were supported by LOE I evidence, and 9 Grade C recommendations were supported by LOE IV evidence. Conclusion: Most of the recommendations in the field of functional urology are not based on the systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and high quality RCTs; which indicates that more attention is still needed in making decisions based on the certainty and grade of recommendations.

Background: In pediatric neurology, Fetal ultrasonography is an useful diagnostic tool. Study of the anterior complex, namely the cavum septum pellucidum. Methods: A total of 106 participants with a gestational age of 20-30 weeks were enrolled. They all evaluated characteristics of the anterior complex by ultrasonographic examination. Results: In our study a total of 106 pregnant women were included, with 58 male fetuses and 48 female fetuses. The mean age of the women participating in the study was 29.7 ± 5.21 years old. In our study among the studied CSPs, 97 cases were rectangular (91.5%) and 9 cases were triangular (8.5%). The mean and standard deviation for the area in the rectangular CSP was 33.04±10.54 mm2 and in the triangular CSP was 21.05±4.18 mm2. In our study, the mean and standard deviation of length to width ratio of CSP was 1.98±0.31. In our study, the mean and standard deviation of length to width ratio of CSP was 1.98±0.31. In all cases where the CSP was triangular-shaped, the triangle's base was observed anteriorly (anterior based). In the implicit evaluation of the geometric dimensions and shape of the CSP with respect to the sex of the embryos examined, it was found that there was no clear relationship between the sex of the fetus and the geometrical shape of the cavum septum. Also, there was no significant relationship between sex of fetus and CSP Ratio. Conclusion: The advancement of gestational age was related to CPS characteristics. This could be used in identifying subjects with increased risk for central nervous system abnormalities.

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