Inflictions caused by cold stress can result in disastrous effects on the productivity and survival of plants. Cold stress response in plants requires crosstalk between multiple signaling pathways including cold, heat, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling networks. CBF, MYB, bHLH, and WRKY families are among the TFs that function as key players in the regulation of cold stress response at the molecular level. This review discusses some of the latest understanding on the regulation of expression and the mechanistic actions of plant TFs to address cold stress response. It was shown that the plant response consists of early and late responses as well as memory reprogramming for long-term protection against cold stress. The regulatory network can be differentiated into CBF-dependent and independent pathways involving different sets of TFs. Post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs, control during ribosomal translation process, and post-translational regulation involving 26S proteosomic degradation are processes that affect the cellular abundance of key regulatory TFs, which is an important aspect of the regulation for cold acclimation. Therefore, fine-tuning of the regulation by TFs for adjusting to the cold stress condition involving the dynamic action of protein kinases, membrane ion channels, adapters, and modifiers is emphasized in this review.

All chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers and were distilled or recrystallized before use. NMR spectra (1H NMR, 13C NMR) were obtained using a 250 Bruker Avance instrument with the chemical shifts being reported as δ parts per million and the couplings being expressed in hertz. The IR spectra were recorded using an FT-IR Brucker-Vector in KBr/Nujol mull. The analysis of the organic phases was carried by GLC using a 6890 network GC system of Agilent on a HP-5 (30.0m x 0.320mm x 0.25 μm) column. Merck silica gel 60 F254 plates were used to monitor the reaction progress on thin-layer chromatography (TLC). General ProcedureThe dimethyl sulfoxide (0.23 gr; 3 mmol) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture of tosyl chloride (0.29 gr; 1.5 mmol) and dry toluene (2.0 ml) at 0°C in ca. 10 min and stirring was continued for an additional 15 min. A solution of the alcohol (1.0 mmol) in dry toluene (1 ml) was then injected into the solution and the temperature of the resulting mixture was brought to the ambient temperature. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 90 min, followed by addition of triethylamine (0.30 gr; 3.0 mmol) dropwise in ca. 10 min. Once the reaction was complete, the complex was treated with water (5 mL) and the mixture was extracted using toluene (2x5 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ). Samples of the reaction mixture were monitored by GC. The products of the reaction were determined by comparison with those of authentic samples of carbonyl compounds. [25]

Coconut is an economically important palm species with a long history of human use. It has applications in various food, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products, and there has been renewed interest in coconut in recent years due to its unique nutritional and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, the sustainable growth of the coconut industry has been hampered due to a shortage of good quality seedlings. Genetic improvement through the traditional breeding approach faced considerable obstacles due to its perennial nature, protracted juvenile period, and high heterozygosity. Molecular biotechnological tools, including molecular markers and next-generation sequencing (NGS), could expedite genetic improvement efforts in coconut. Researchers have employed various molecular markers to reveal genetic diversity among coconut populations and for the construction of a genetic map for exploitation in coconut breeding programs worldwide. Whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics on the different varieties have generated a massive amount of publicly accessible sequence data, substantially improving the ability to analyze and understand molecular mechanisms affecting crop performance. The production of high-yielding and disease-resilient coconuts and the deciphering of the complex coconut genome’s structure can profit tremendously from these technologies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the progress of coconut research, using genomics, transcriptomics, and molecular markers initiatives.

Primary and secondary alcohols can be oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones using the system DMSO/tosyl chloride/triethylamine in toluene as solvent.