Overall, our study suggests that caregiving service providers should consider support that focuses on improving the subjective caregiving appraisals of caregivers.

The continuation of in-home caregiving among caregivers of patients with dementia was affected by both positive appraisal and caregiver burden. In addition, the present study revealed that behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia score indirectly affects the continuation of caregiving by directly affecting caregiver burden.

Gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI), an important character for breeding seedless cultivars of Citrus, is known in pummelo, mandarin, and many hybrid cultivars with pummelo in their pedigrees. Only a little is known about the allelic variation in the self-incompatibility gene (S), S allele frequencies, and the genotypes of self-incompatible and semi-self-compatible cultivars. In this study, pollination of 'Banpeiyu' S 1 seedlings with 'Banpeiyu' and pollination between the S 1 seedlings were performed to determine homozygous S 1 seedlings for the S gene. Seventyeight Citrus accessions, including 55 pummelo accessions, were pollinated with each of two homozygous S 1 seedlings (S 1 S 1 and S 2 S 2 ). Pollen tube arrest in the style base of their pollinated pistils indicated that 23 accessions, including 'Banpeiyu', have an S 1 allele each and 16 accessions, including 'Banpeiyu', have an S 2 allele each. Frequency of accessions with S 1 allele was 29.9% (23 of 77 accessions examined) and S 1 allele frequency was 16.4% (23 of 140 alleles excluding S f allele). Frequency of accessions with S 2 allele was 21.3% (16 of 75 accessions examined) and S 2 allele frequency was 11.6% (16 of 138 alleles excluding S f allele). Pummelo accessions collected from Kagoshima Prefecture had S 1 alleles with two and half times higher frequency (56.3%) than that in all accessions examined. Of the 79 accessions, six accessions ('Banpeiyu', 'Iriki Buntan', 'Kaopang', Nagashima Buntan No. 6, Nagashima Buntan No. 7, and 'Soyu') were S 1 S 2 genotypes. The Citrus cultivars, whose S genotypes have been fully determined in this study, were

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Background: Dyspnea is a common distressing symptom in patients with malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Fan therapy, which uses a fan to blow air toward the patient’s face, can alleviate dyspnea; however, its efficacy remains unclear. Aim: To examine the immediate efficacy of fan therapy for alleviation of dyspnea at rest. Design: Meta-analysis. Data sources: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE EBSCO, CINAHL EBSCO, and Scopus from January 1, 1987, to August 21, 2018 (PROSPERO-CRD42018108610). In addition, we hand-searched studies and used the similar articles feature on PubMed to search for articles. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of fan therapy with placebo or other interventions to alleviate dyspnea at rest, in which patients were aged ≥18 years, were eligible for inclusion in the review. We excluded articles on long-term intervention involving fan therapy and complex intervention (including fan therapy). The risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Cochrane tool, and the meta-analysis was performed using RevMan version 5.3. Results: We identified a total of 218 studies; 2 met our criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Fan therapy significantly improved dyspnea at rest in terminally ill patients with cancer compared to control groups (mean difference: −1.31, 95% confidence interval: −1.79 to −0.83, P < .001). There were no studies that met the inclusion criteria regarding fan therapy for patients with nonmalignant disease. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrated that fan therapy may be an effective intervention for dyspnea at rest in patients with terminal cancer.