It has been reported that hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of implants influenced the bioactivity. However, it is hard to maintain the hydrophilicity in case of being stored in air. So it is critical to find a way to maintain implants' hydrophilicity. In general, silicate has been known to contribute the hydrophilicity. In this study, the silicate containing CaTiO 3 films have been prepared on Ti substrates by two-step treatment for biomaterial applications. The hydrophilicity, osteoconductivity and protein adsorption of treated specimens have been investigated. The 1st step treatment for Ti is to form TiO 2 as precursors, either by anodizing in sulfuric acid solution at 298 K, liquid phase oxidation in nitric acid solution with hydrogen peroxide at 353 K, or thermal oxidation at 673 K in air. Hydrothermal treatment in silicate containing alkaline solution is the 2nd step to convert TiO 2 to silicate containing CaTiO 3 films. The SEM, XRD, XPS, WCA (water contact angle) investigations and protein adsorption measurements have been carried out to characterize the surface properties. This surface maintained 10 deg. in WCA after 7 d exposure in air, while the specimen without silicate has WCA of more than 40 deg. The osteoconductivity is evaluated based on the contact ratio of formed hard tissue on the implanted specimens after 14 d implantation in rats' tibia at in vivo test. The as-prepared film not only has exhibited smooth and superhydrophilic surface, but also has achieved high osteoconductivity and great protein adsorption capacity.

This paper provides a syntactic analysis of the locative inversion construction in English, dividing it into two types: one with an unaccusative verb and the other with an unergative verb. It is argued that the former type has the locative PP simultaneously attracted by T and Top by applying the idea of "independent probing" proposed by Chomsky (2008). On the other hand, the latter type has a syntactic structure in which the subject DP undergoes Heavy NP Shift, while the locative PP moves only to SpecTopP, but not to SpecTP. It is shown that the analysis based on these syntactic structures can give a principled explanation to the major syntactic properties of the two types of locative inversion construction within the framework of the Minimalist Program.

This paper investigates the development of negative-initial constructions in the history of English, along the three stages of Jespersen's Cycle. It is proposed that two types of the negative marker ne were in competition at Stage 1, thereby motivating the loss of ne-initial constructions. Turning to Stage 2, the absence of negative inversion is argued to be accounted for in terms of Last Resort. Then, it is shown that the negative marker not has undergone structural competition from Stage 3 onward, but negative adverbs such as never have not. This difference is clearly reflected in the (im)possibility of their being fronted to sentence-initial position in Present-day English.

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I would like to thank EL reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. I am also grateful to EL editors for spending much time to proofread this paper. This review is supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists from JSPS (Grant No. JP18K12415). Needless to say, all remaining errors are my own.