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We identified the extent to which ant diversity occurs despite conversion of forests into cocoa plantations by examining the communities across four age classes of plantations (classes I–IV with increasing age from 0–5 to 21–40 years) and in their original forests. An extensive sampling protocol consisting of pitfall trapping, leaf litter sampling, soil sampling and hand sampling was used to characterize ant species richness and composition in three replicates of each age class and in the remaining forest patches. A total of one hundred ant species was found in all habitats combined. While the forest was the richest habitat (73 species), species richness in the different plantation age classes varied as follows (sorted in descending order): class IV (69 species) > class III (57 species) > class I (52 species) > class II (43 species). Age gradient was thus significantly positively correlated with mean species richness and with the relative abundance of some subfamilies. The species composition differed greatly between some plantation age classes and the forest. The two youngest cocoa age classes (I and II) were most dissimilar to the forest. In contrast, forest ants were well represented in the old cocoa age classes (III and IV). Three functional guilds (generalist predators, specialist predators and territorially dominant arboreal species) were in their relative abundance significantly correlated to the age gradient. Overall, cocoa cultivations retaining a floristically diverse and structurally complex forest structure are a suitable management system for the conservation of ant species of the formerly forested habitats.

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