“Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)” is induced by a novel enveloped virus having single-stranded RNA which was originated in Wuhan city of Hubei, province, China. The coronavirus has a protein envelope. On the outer surface, the virus has spike-like glycoprotein, which is responsible for the attachment and entrance inside host cells. It transmits rapidly affecting more than 160 countries globally, so, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced it as a pandemic. It is considered as a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a beta coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. It is an airborne disease as announced by WHO and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 is heterogeneous, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure and death. Till now, so specific treatment is invented so, prevention plays a significant role. The current situation is only limiting the spread of disease. Coronavirus infection leads to the activation of adaptive and innate immune responses, resulting in massive inflammation (to so-called cytokine storm), which in turn can lead to damage to various tissues, septic shock and multiple organ failure. According to WHO, older individuals and people having associated co-morbidities like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, etc., are at higher risk of getting infected by the coronavirus. This review explains the renewed correlation between diabetes and COVID-19. It also highlights the potential mechanisms by which diabetes regulates the host immune response and host-viral interactions.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Viral diseases continue to evolve, posing a significant public health concern. Over two decades, several viral epidemics have been recorded wherein several strains of coronaviruses have been associated with epidemics causing severe respiratory complications and even death. Recently, a novel strain of this virus has come into the picture, eventually leading the world towards a pandemic. The situation today is similar to that witnessed earlier named as “SARS-CoV” and “MERS-CoV” which also affected the respiratory system. Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is propagating to humans via transmission from illegally sold wild animals in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Phylogenetically, it has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the Coronaviridae family and yet is distinct from SARS-CoV (79% identical) and MERS-CoV (50% identical). Knowing the origin of such a pathogen is essential to develop the means to prevent further transmission and effective vaccines. This starts a discussion about the very origin of these viruses that have fanned a global emergency in the name of COVID-19. Therefore, the focus of this review is the origin, evolution and emergence of CoV during “SARS-CoV”, “MERS-CoV” and “SARS-CoV-2” along with possibilities of future outbreaks.

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The introduction of novel variants of infectious viruses causes viral outbreaks. And now we are in the midst of a virus pandemic that is affecting the entire world. The lack of efficient antiviral treatments for novel viral infections, along with the infection's rapid spread in the population, frequently results in significant human and financial damage. Close human-to-human touch or contact with a contaminated surface can both transmit viruses. To prevent viral spread, thorough cleaning or sanitization is required. There are a variety of disinfectants/sanitizing agents/biocidal agents that can inactivate viruses, but their effectiveness is dependent on a number of parameters, including agent concentration, reaction time, temperature, and organic load. In this review, we will be discussing the alcohol- and iodine-based disinfectants in a dental health-care setting.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome has metabolic and reproductive properties that may be associated with periodontitis. The goal of this study was to reassess and offer a comprehensive critical evaluation of all findings associating Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and PD, as well as to analyse a possible two - way relationship. The underlying molecular processes of this link are unknown, but chronic inflammation is considered to be a cause. A pro-inflammatory condition was linked to a changed periodontal response in PCOS, which appeared to enhance vulnerability to periodontal disease. Polycystic ovarian syndrome suffers more than half of all females of childbearing age., and has serious consequences for the metabolic, psychological, and cardiovascular systems. Inflammation is a characteristic sign of PCOS. There may be a role for chronic low-grade inflammation as well in metabolic abnormalities. Hence this review aims to correlate the association between PCOS and Periodontal Disease.