Currently, the use of bone allografts for reconstructive orthopedic surgery in clinical practice around the world is becoming a common procedure. Bone allografts are the first substitute material to the autologous bone and the best alternative to any artificial substituting material. The methods used for the preservation, processing and sterilization of bone are changing and evolving with time. The main goals remain the same including exclusion of infections and creation of the material with sustained properties of the normal bone.The present review reflects the essential methods for biological tissue processing, sterilization and preservation with the analysis of the key requirements for manufacturing of safe allogeneic osteoplastic materials with osteoinductive, osteoconductive and osteogenic properties.

The number of operations with the use of osteoplastic materials is increasing annually, which is explained by the increasing number of high-tech operations, reconstructive interventions for bone pathology, oncoorthopedics, bone deformities, as well as tissue defects resulting from combat trauma. Bone as an object of transplantation and is preferable because the use of bone tissue and materials made on its basis creates the necessary conditions for biological restoration of bone as an organ. The modern trend is the development of regenerative medicine technologies and the development of modified materials with improved and predetermined properties osteoplastic materials ceased to be static structures and their inertness gave way to functional activity. The article describes the basic advantages of bone tissue and allogenic osteoplastic materials for their prospective use in reconstructive and reconstructive surgery of the musculoskeletal system. Data on the experience in the use of donor bone tissues for homoplasy at the clinic of military traumatology and orthopedics of the Kirov Military Medical Academy are presented. The advantages of allogeneic decellularized tissues for use in clinical and scientific practice are considered. The importance of preserving the architecture of native tissue for successful bone transplantation is shown. Decellularization is a method that allows the removal of immunogenic agents from tissues and organs, including cells and residual DNA, preserving the natural composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix for the most effective use of allogeneic bone tissue. The use of decellularized allogenic bone tissue purified to a mineral-collagen matrix or demineralized is the most practical option among other osteoplastic materials when large bone fragments need to be replaced.