Keywords«Battery Management Systems (BMS) », « Energy system management », « Energy storage». AbstractEnergy storage systems (ESS) are seen as an increasingly important technology for managing electrical distribution systems, and there is now much research into both the underlying technologies of these systems, and their "optimum" management especially for applications within a single household. Optimum management usually depends on many factors and assumptions, for example what should be optimized (self-consumption of local renewable resources, consumer cost, peak reduction), prediction of local generation and load patterns, and the assumptions concerning the operation of the ESS itself. This paper aims to quantify one of the usual assumptions made (especially by non-electrical engineers) i.e. that the assumption that the power converter in the ESS is 100% efficient does not lead to substantial errors in the ESS performance and cost-benefit analysis. Three different ESS power converter models have been created and their behaviour as part of a house based ESS management system over a one year period has been analysed using five different control approaches, a variety of battery and solar panel sizes and employing a time of use tariff (Economy 7). By observing the ESS charging pattern through the year and monitoring of the annual electricity cost along with the system's losses for the household, relationships between the battery and PV size, the control algorithms, the electricity cost and the system losses were created.

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-Since 2011, in the context of sustainable development, UK government has been encouraging individuals to work as groups, and now, more than 5,000 community led projects are sprouted across the country, since more than 50% of the UK citizens had expressed their interest to get involved with energy communities if they can potentially reduce their electricity cost. The aim of this study is to quantify the financial benefits for end-users and energy management authority when an energy community is settled up. By simulating possible operating scenarios and by observing and assuming a cost effective power flow/exchange between the individuals, the communal energy storage and the power grid, the finances of each scenario were quantified. Consequently, the electricity cost for the end-users and the incomes for the management authority were monitored and the most financially suitable community energy storage along with the PV penetration were identified.

Abstract-One of the key elements towards a decentralised energy sector is the consumers' choice and participation, as the concept of energy prosumer is gaining more and more ground and energy community projects are spouting across UK. In order for the upcoming energy systems to deliver their potential financial benefits, holistic design needs to be assessed by quantifying the most relevant design aspects (size and operation) and the energy flow through the energy system. Thus, the predominant aim of this study is to provide design recommendations for energy systems suitable to be used in an energy community, which can be expanded to futuristic energy systems. The aspects which were considered include: detailed consumption and generation profiles, charging patterns and limitations that a real energy storage systems of given rated energy and power will impose to energy systems.

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