Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of paralysis in infancy and childhood. There is evidence that the integration of hydrotherapy in the treatment program can significantly contribute to the rehabilitation of children and young people with CP by improving their functional limitations and overall, their quality of life. The purpose of this review was to present recent research data on the contribution and efficacy of hydrotherapy in the rehabilitation of children and young adults with CP. The Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched with the following keywords: cerebral palsy, hydrotherapy, rehabilitation. This review included 11 articles. The results of our research show that hydrotherapy, both as an individual treatment and in combination with a standard land-based exercise program, can significantly contribute to the improvement of gross mobility, the improvement of exercise endurance and the improvement of the quality of life of people with CP. Ideal dosage of hydrotherapy programs, according to the research included in the review is 2-3 sessions per week for more than six weeks. However, it should be noted that the literature is still limited and further research is needed.

Hippotherapy is used in physiotherapy as a treatment that takes advantage of the unique characteristics of the horses' walk impulses and triggers movement responses in patients sitting on the horse's back. The research evidence for application of hippotherapy at people with neurological deficits and disabilities is sparse. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and inflammatory disease that affects the neurons of the Central Nervous System. The aim of this review article was to presents the effect of hippotherapy at people with MS. PubMed, Science Direct, Pedro, Total and National Institute Hi.K.E.R., and Google Scholar were searched from 2005 to 2021. Out of 271 studies, 14 were included. The results showed that hippotherapy has a positive impact on the motor function, the walking cycle, the endurance, the balance, and the orthostatic control of people with MS. Further research must be done in a greater scale and investigate the way hippotherapy affects the quality of life, the self-confidence and the social inclusion of people with MS. In summary, the application of hippotherapy in people with MS contributes positively to the progression of the disease and enhances the functionality of individuals.

Background:The cervical syndrome is a set of different symptoms that are located in and around the neck area. Physiotherapy and specifically electrotherapy through can help relieve pain in patients with cervical syndrome. Aim: The aim of this review is to highlight, through recent articles, the efficacy of TENS in reducing pain in patients with cervical syndrome. Method: The Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched in English and Greek with the following keywords: cervical syndrome, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, TENS, physiotherapeutic rehabilitation. Clinical studies and systematic reviews were included in the review. Results: In total 10 sources were included in this review, of which seven were clinical trials and three were reviews. Discussion-Conclusions: Applying TENS, either low-frequency or high-frequency, for 30 minutes with three sessions per week and duration of treatment varying from three to six weeks can effectively help reduce pain in patients with acute or chronic cervical syndrome.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes. It presents with a symmetrical peripheral degeneration of peripheral nerves. Pain is a major complaint in about 1/3 of people with DPN and DPN-related sensory loss contributes to impaired balance, gait problems, and increased sensitivity to injury. Recent research has shown that a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training improves fitness, glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in older adults and people with diabetes. The aim of this review was to investigate the effect of exercise on improving the symptoms of patients with DPN and delaying the onset of foot degeneration. The PubMed and Science Direct databases were searched with the following keywords: Diabetic neuropathy, therapeutic exercise, physiotherapy, rehabilitation. The results of this review suggest that exercise can improve the symptoms of DPN by reducing pain as well as improving gait accuracy, enhancing lower limb strength and improving the quality of daily life of patients. Aerobic exercise seems to be the type of training that provides the most benefits. There is also evidence that exercise in diabetic patients may either prevent or delay the onset of peripheral neuropathy. However, further clinical trials are required.

Stroke is the second most common cause of death in the world and is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence of older adults for care. Acupuncture for the treatment of stroke has been used in China for thousands of years and is constantly gaining ground in the medical community of the western world. The aim of this review is to describe through recent research data the efficacy of acupuncture in improving the functioning of individuals after a stroke. Data for both the upper and lower limbs were included in this work. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched with the following keywords: Stroke, Acupuncture, disability, Rehabilitation. Both clinical studies and systematic reviews were included in the review, with nine articles included in total. In conclusion, the application of acupuncture seems to have a positive effect on the treatment of motor disorders after a stroke. The results of this review show that acupuncture can contribute and provide significant benefits in improving motor and functional limitations that occur after a stroke and is able to improve the functional level of patients.