Early and appropriate treatment of urinary tract infection, especially during the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms, diminishes the likelihood of renal involvement during the acute phase of the infection but does not prevent scar formation.

Objectives-To identify child or family related risk factors for unintentional childhood poisoning in Greece and to explore whether product specific poisonings might have special features that make them amenable to preventive interventions. Setting-A case-control study was undertaken in Athens, Greece in 1995. Cases were 100 consecutive children brought with poisoning to the emergency clinics of the two university affiliated children's hospitals. For every case two age, gender, and hospital matched controls were chosen from among children brought to the outpatient clinics of these hospitals on the same date. Methods-All children and their guardians were interviewed by the same person using a standard questionnaire that covered demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and past injury characteristics. Information was also obtained concerning type and conditions of poisoning for cases. Statistical analysis was undertaken by modeling the data using conditional logistic regression. Results-Socioeconomic factors were not important risk indicators in these data but children living with other than both parents were at increased risk (odds ratio (OR) = 4 7, p = 0 08), as were children with a history of previous poisoning that required medical care (OR = 5-1, p = 0-05). Unintentional poisonings caused by chewing or swallowing cigarettes were concentrated in families where both parents were smokers.Conclusions-Absence of a parent appears to be associated with increased likelihood of childhood poisoning. The importance of product accessibility is underlined by the concentration of tobacco poisoning among children of parents who were both smokers. In the cultural context of this study, sociodemographic factors do not appear to represent demonstrable risk factors.Instead, control of childhood poisoning should be concentrated on safe packaging, storage, and disposal of potentially hazardous products.(Injury Prevention 1996; 2: [208][209][210][211]

Unintentional childhood poisoning further reflects an interaction between inappropriate storage of consumer products and suboptimal supervision during the housekeeping hours of the day.

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the timing of performing a voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) following a first urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants is related to the presence or the severity of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). A total of 411 children (male 230, female 181) with a first-recognised UTI between ages 15 days and 12 months (median 3 months) underwent a VCUG within 4-81 days (median 9 days) following diagnosis. The presence and the grade of the VUR were compared in two groups: an "early" group in which the VCUG was performed during the first week of the start of treatment and a "late" group in which the examination was performed during the second week or thereafter. The prevalence of VUR in the study cohort was 23.3% (96/411 infants). A VUR was diagnosed in 44 infants in the early group (28%) and in 52 in the late group (21%). Reflux of grade III or higher was seen in 25/44 (57%) of the infants in the early group and in 27/52 (52%) infants in the late group. These differences were not significant. Our results suggest that neither the presence nor the grade of VUR in infants is influenced by the timing of the examination following diagnosis. We therefore recommend that it is better to perform VCUG as soon as possible, provided the inflammation has subsided.