The back-projected independent components (BICs) of single-trial, auditory P300 and contingent negative variation (CNV) evoked potentials (EPs) were derived using independent component analysis (ICA) and cluster analysis. The method was tested in simulation including a study of the electric dipole equivalents of the signal sources. P300 data were obtained from healthy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects. The BICs were of approximately 100 ms duration and approximated positive- and negative-going half-sinusoids. Some positively and negatively peaking BICs constituting the P300 coincided with known peaks in the averaged P300. However, there were trial-to-trial differences in their occurrences, particularly where a positive or a negative BIC could occur with the same latency in different trials, a fact which would be obscured by averaging them. These variations resulted in marked differences in the shapes of the reconstructed, artefact-free, single-trial P300s. The latencies of the BIC associated with the P3b peak differed between healthy and AD subjects (p < 0.01). More reliable evidence than that obtainable from single-trial or averaged P300s is likely to be found by studying the properties of the BICs over a number of trials. For the CNV, BICs corresponding to both the orienting and the expectancy components were found.

The objective was to characterize the non-oscillatory independent components (ICs) of the auditory event-related potential (ERP) waveform of an oddball task for normal and newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects, and to seek biomarkers for AD. Single trial ERP waveforms were analysed using independent components analysis (ICA) and k-means clustering. Two stages of clustering depended upon the magnitudes and latencies, and the scalp topographies of the non-oscillatory back-projected ICs (BICs) at electrode Cz. The electrical current dipole sources of the BICs were located using Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA). Generally 3-10 BICs, of different latencies and polarities, occurred in each trial. Each peak was associated with positive and negative BICs. The trial-to-trial variations in their relative numbers and magnitudes may explain the variations in the averaged ERP reported, and the delay in the averaged P300 for AD patients. The BIC latencies, topographies and electrical current density maximum locations varied from trial-to-trial. Voltage foci in the BIC topographies identify the BIC source locations. Since statistical differences were found between the BICs in healthy and AD subjects, the method might provide reliable biomarkers for AD, if these findings are reproduced in a larger study, independently of other factors influencing the comparison of the two populations. The method can extract artefact- and EEG-free single trial ERP waveforms, offers improved ERP averages by selecting the trials on the basis of their BICs, and is applicable to other evoked potentials, conditions and diseases.

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Over the past few years there has been an increased interest in studying the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive brain activity. In this direction, we study the brain activity based on its independent components instead of the EEG signal itself. Both linear and nonlinear synchronization measures are applied to EEG components, which are free of volume conduction effects and background noise. More specifically, a robust nonlinear state-space generalized synchronization assessment method and the recently introduced partial directed coherence are investigated in a working memory paradigm, during mental rehearsal of pictures. The latter is a linear method able to assess not only the independence of the brain regions, but also the direction of the statistically significant relationships. The results are in accordance with previous psychophysiology studies suggesting increased synchrony between prefrontal and parietal components during the rehearsal process, most prominently in gamma (ca. 40 Hz) band. This study indicates that functional connectivity during cognitive processes may be successfully assessed using independent components, which reflect distinct spatial patterns of activity.