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Background: Immunization is a medical procedure many children frequently undergo. As it involves pain, it is important to develop effective pain relief methods that are applicable from infancy. Objective: To clarify the pain-relieving effect of music from speakers on preschoolers during immunization. Methods: A randomized controlled trial using sex-based stratified randomization was conducted at a Japanese pediatric clinic between October and December 2016, involving 48 preschoolers aged 5 -6. Among these, 25 listened to music ("Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" played by a music box) from speakers before, during, and after influenza immunization (Music group), while the other 23 were not treated with musical intervention (Control group), with the following outcomes: primary: the Face Scale score; and secondary: the heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels. Results: The Face Scale score and HR of the Control group immediately after influenza immunization were significantly higher than their baseline values (P < 0.0001, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the Music and Control groups in the Face Scale score, HR, or SpO 2 level immediately after influenza immunization or in the sAA level 10 minutes after it. Conclusion: Influenza immunization was painful for preschoolers. When based on the Face Scale score, HR, SpO 2 and sAA levels as indices to measure immunization-related pain, music did not show pain-relieving effects.

The effects of individual food constituents on antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity concentrations were studied in young rats. Rats aged 7 to 20 days were given only rat breast milk and then weaned by various nutrients (regular laboratory chow, protein (ovalbumin)-, fat-or carbohydrate (starch)-rich food). Rats receiving rat breast milk only until 27 days of age were also studied. In rats on regular laboratory chow, antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity increased and reached adult levels on day 25. In rats on ovalbumin, fat-rich food or starch, it increased on day 23 but dropped thereafter. The increment by laboratory chow was higher than that by the individual nutrients. No increase was observed during milk feeding alone. Gel filtration of antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity from 25-day-old rats on laboratory chow or three essential nutrients showed the same results.We have demonstrated that antral gastrin concen¬ trations of rats increase rapidly when weaning is started (Okahata et al. 1985(Okahata et al. a,b, 1986 and that the weaning increases gastrin-17 (G17) biosynthesis in rats (Okahata et al. 1986). Our findings agree with other observations that antral gastrin-like immu¬ noreactivity (G-LI) increases after physiological weaning and more abruptly after laboratory chow intake alone (Lichtenbreger & Johnson 1974;Takeuchi et al. 1981). Sircar et al. (1980) have reported that chemically defined diet reduces antral gastrin content of rats compared with chow-fed rats.The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of standard laboratory chow and individual food constituents on antral G-LI concentrations of rats on weaning. Materials and Methods AnimalsWistar strain male rats were reared in individual cages in a temperature-and light-controlled room (12 h dark and 12 h light). Rats aged 7 to 27 days and adult rats (350 g, 15 weeks old) were divided into five groups. Rats were placed in a cage with a mother and were allowed to suckle ad libitum, but were not given access to solid food until 20 days of age when weaning was started (dietary changes from breast milk to various nutrients). The rats were then divided in 5 groups. Group 1 were changed ab¬ ruptly from breast milk to laboratory chow alone (Funahashi Farm Co, Chiba, Japan). Group 2 received breast milk only until 27 days of age and two lactating mothers were changed every 12 h. Rats of groups 3, 4 and 5 re¬ ceived protein-rich powder food (ovalbumin; Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, MO), carbohydrate-rich powder food (Starch; Katayama Chemical Co, Osaka, Japan), and fat-rich powder food (Meiji Milk Co, Tokyo, Japan), re¬ spectively. All groups were allowed to drink water ad libi¬ tum. To prevent the stress of removing one animal from each cage on sequential days, all the animals were trans¬ ported to the laboratory at least 3 h before decapitation,

The effects of dietary changes from breast milk to solid food and corticosterone acetate administration on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the gastric antrum and corpus were studied in young and adult rats. At 7 days of age, a single dose of corticosterone acetate (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected in one group of rats, and a single dose of physiological saline was injected in another group. Each group was divided into two subgroups; one was fed only rat breast milk until 25 days of age and the other weaned (solid food alone) at 21 days of age. Gastric antrums and corpora were removed at various ages for assay of SLI concentrations by radioimmunoassay. In non-corticosterone treated rats, antral and corpus SLI increased gradually until 20 days of age, and after changing from breast milk to solid food on day 21 antral SLI increased 2-fold to the adult level, whereas corpus SLI remained constant. In corticosterone\x=req-\ treated rats, antral and corpus SLI on day 11 was 5-fold that on day 7, and thereafter remained constant before changing from breast milk to solid food; after weaning (solid food alone) antral SLI increased again to reach the adult level at 25 days of age whereas corpus SLI remained constant after weaning. Prolonged breast milk feeding alone did not influence antral or corpus SLI levels in either corticosterone-treated or non\x=req-\ treated rats as compared to levels on day 20. Gel filtration of antral and corpus SLI from 15 day old corticosterone-treated and non-treated, and 25 day old weaned (solid food alone) and unweaned (breast milk alone) rats showed almost the same results: only one peak coeluted with synthetic somatostatin-14. The resuits suggest that weaning (solid food alone) and corticosterone administration affect the antral and corpus SLI.Somatostatin is found in the antrum and corpus of the stomach and it has paracrine mechanism in gastric acid secretion (Arimura et al. 1975;Larsson 1981). It has recently been shown that steroid hormone administration in young unweaned rats results in the development of gastrointestinal en¬ zymes and hormones as seen in weaned animals (Furihata et al. 1972;Henning & Sims 1979). Especially in the stomach, the antral gastrin con¬ centration in unweaned rats increased after cor¬ ticosterone acetate administration as it did in weaned rats (Peitsch et al. 1981). Koshimizu has reported that somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) concentrations in the gastric antrum and corpus of immature rats increased with age up to 21 days of age (time of weaning) (Koshimizu 1983). In this investigastion, we studied the effects of weaning (changes from breast milk to solid food abruptly) and corticosterone acetate on an¬ tral and corpus SLI in young rats. This study differs from Koshimizu's study, particularly in its emphasis on the relationship of this peptide to dietary changes, weaning and breast milk alone until day 25 and to the effect of corticosterone administration.