Empirical study on the eŠectiveness of the TPSR model in a junior high school class. Japan J. Phys. Educ. Hlth. Sport Sci. 56: 157 172, June, 2011 AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the eŠectiveness of Hellison's TPSR model, which was developed in the USA. The validity of the TPSR model was examined in a physical education class for 3rd year male students at a public junior high school. To conˆrm the eŠect of the TPSR model, a single case experimental design was used, switching between baseline classes where the model was not implemented and test classes in which the model was implemented. Multiple types of qualitative and quantitative data were collected for the assignment. Speciˆcally, the data comprised measurements of social skills, personal assessment based on Hellison's table of levels, observation of sample students' behavior, observational assessment of the class as a whole, class observation records written by both observers and teachers, and free-format comments made by the students.The results were as follows:1) The TPSR model tended to improve the students' social skills, increasing their self-awareness of responsible behavior and encouraging them to act responsibly.2) The TPSR model tended to decrease inappropriate behavior (oŠ-task behavior and destructive behavior) and increased appropriate behavior (positive social behavior and on-task behavior) by the sample students during class.3) Because the in‰uence of the learning task and the movement characteristic were larger than the model, the eŠect of the TPSR model could not be clearly conˆrmed as a key factor that stimulated students' learning activities.However, when the TPSR model was well utilized according to the learning task or the movement characteristic, it was suggested that its education value was considerable.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of fair play in the pre-modern era, targeting pugilism in the 18th century, by focusing on the essence of gambling-oriented spectator sports. First, it analyzes the practice of gambling-oriented spectator sports from the perspective of the concept ofˆguration. Second, it analyzes Broughton's Rules of pugilism from the perspective of the concept ofˆguration to identify their function and the characteristics of fair play seen in them. Third, it examines the process by which fair play was transformed in the transition from the pre-modern to the modern era by exploring the meaning of the revision of Broughton's Rules as the London Prize Ring Rules. This study establishes the following. First, the main function of Broughton's Rules was to guarantee interesting bouts and the viability of gambling. The fair play in spectator sports conducted in accordance with these rules manifested itself in the``performance'' of a bout that was fought skillfully and carefully right to the end, while being free of unnecessary accidents and injuries. Second, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, fair play in pugilism evolved under the in‰uence of an emphasis on greater clarity. As a result, conduct that had previously been permitted came to be prohibited under the London Prize Ring Rules.