As a new feedstock, Mespilus Germanica (M. germanica) kernel oil was used for the first time to produce biodiesel by Al 2 O 3 /CaO nanocatalyst and optimize the transesterification process operating conditions using Taguchi method. Considering Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results, the applied catalyst had an adequate surface area and appropriate surface porosity for biodiesel production. Additionally, gas chromatography analysis showed that linoleic acid (42.76%) and oleic acid (40.57%) were the main constituents of the extracted oil.Based on experiments output the highest transesterification yield which was achieved in the optimal conditions (25 C, 2 h, methanol to oil ratio of 12:1, and catalyst wt of 0.5%) was 96.68%, which was an excellent yield compared to similar works.The results showed that the overall trend of production yield with temperature was downward while it saw a significant increase with time. Besides, the conversion yield registered a rise after the initial decrease with methanol to oil ratio and catalyst concentration had the opposite effect. Additionally, regeneration studies showed that the current catalyst can be used for 3 cycles with acceptable conversion yields. The physicochemical properties of the derived oil were characterized and compared with the ASTM D5671 and EN14214 standards, which were found to be highly comply with them.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) omega hydroxylases such as CYP 4A1 and 4F enzymes convert arachidonic acid to 20‐HETE. 20‐HETE is a potent stimulator of the growth of human glioma cells in vitro. Herein, we report that increasing the endogenous generation of 20‐HETE by overexpressing CYP4A1 in U251 results in a ∼ 2 fold higher proliferation rate than control U251. This is accompanied by an increased S phase in the cell. U251 O show a disorganized and disrupted cytoskeleton, and have constitutive activation of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and increased expression of cyclin D1/2. The hyperproliferative and signaling effects in U251 O are abolished by the selective CYP4A inhibitor HET0016 and by the putative 20‐HETE antagonist 20‐HEDE. This demonstrates that the hyperproliferative state is caused by the high endogenous production of 20‐HETE by CYP4A1. Dihydroethidium assay show that the U251 O cells have marked increases in superoxide formation. Treatment with PEG‐SOD abolished the hyperproliferative state, indicating the crucial contribution of superoxide to the hyperproliferative phenotype. In vivo, MRI studies showed that the tumor of the rats implanted with U251 O had a ∼10 fold higher tumor volume compared with U251. High 20‐HETE leads to enhanced proliferation and to a fast‐growing tumor in vivo. These findings suggest that 20‐HETE synthases and 20‐HETE could play an important role in growth regulation of human gliomas.

Background & aim: There are so many studies about effect of colored drinks and mouthwashes on discoloration of different dental ceramics. However, little is known regarding the effect of colored drinks on discoloration of monolithic zirconia .The purpose of this invitro study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treament methods on color stability of monolithic zirconia. Material and methods:: this experimental study was conducted in vitro on monolithic zirconia ceramics. Twelve pre-tinted specimens of monolithic blocks (1.5 mm, 14 ,14 mm) were prepared and divided into 2 groups (A) glazed and (B) polished after glaze .Specimens were sintered and glazed and Specimens of group B were prepared and polished. The specimens were placed in Golestan bag teas (ph = 5) for two weeks and color of the specimens were measured using spectrophotometer before and after immersion. the color changes (ΔE) were determined by Mann-Whitney test.Results: This study showed color change rate in the polish group was 3.2 ± 0.1 and in the glaze group was 1.07 ± 1.1, p˂0.7, and the color change in the polish method was about 2 times more that of glaze method which is significant (p<0/004). Conclusions:Glaze Group seems to have less color change compared to polish group.