The present study was designed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of Prosopis farcta (P. farcta) ethanol fruit extract in ethylene glycol (EG) induced urolithiasis in male albino rats. Lithiasis was induced by oral administration of EG 1% in male albino rats for 28 days. Seventy eight male albino rats weighing 250-300g were used and divided into six experimental groups. Group A is a control group received standard rat chow and tap water ad libitum, while, rest of groups namely group B, C, D, E, F animals received 1% EG in water for 28 days, then from day 15 to day 28 in addition to EG administration, group C received cystone, group D, E and F received 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) of ethanol fruit extract of P. farcta respectively. On day 28, blood was collected for serum biochemical (serum uric acid, creatinine, urea, electrolytes measurements, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) determinations. While urine was collected to microscopic analysis of formed crystals besides the kidney weight/ B.W. ratio and B.W. gain/ loss values were determined. Intermediate dose (200mg/kg B.W.) of P. farcta extract significantly decreased serum creatinine, urea, MDA and non-significantly recovered SOD toward control value in group E as compared to group B, also significant elevation in kidney weight/ B.W. ratio and reduction in B.W. gains in group B occurred as compared with group A. In conclusion: P. farcta fruit extract has potentially therapeutic effects on EG induced kidney stone which can be used as effective antiurolithiatic agent rather than cystone.

Smoking is the worst human behavior; it is practiced by people addicted to nicotine; smoking cigarettes causes many harmful diseases, such as anemia and liver sickness. The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship between gender and the effect of smoking cigarettes. For the purpose of this study, twenty-eight volunteers had participated in four different groups: Female smokers (n = 7), Female non-smokers (n = 7), Male smokers (n = 7), Male non-smokers (n = 7). The results showed that Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in Male smoker group significantly (P < 0.05) increased in comparison with the Female smoker group. Also, Aspartase amino transferase (AST) significantly rose in Male smoker group versus that in the Female smoker group. On the other hand, many blood indices and liver enzyme parameters in male smoker group were higher than those in the female smoker. In conclusion, cigarettes lead to a change in blood cellular and fluctuation in liver enzymatic activity in both male and female volunteers, but males were more sensitive to smoking consequences as compared with the females.