Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine for insomnia in adults. Methods A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases was conducted to identify relevant published studies through October 2022 using the search terms: hydroxyzine and sleep, insomnia, sleep disorder or sleep initiation and maintenance disorders. Studies identified for review included prospective, interventional designs or cohort trials that reported impact of hydroxyzine on sleep in adults. Animal studies, case reports, non‐English articles, letters to the editor, case studies, and conference abstracts were excluded. Data were extracted using a standardized systematic process. Results Five articles were identified for inclusion, including 1 open‐label and 4 randomized controlled trials, evaluating a total of 207 patients receiving hydroxyzine 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg at bedtime. Mixed efficacy was demonstrated in the sleep measures of sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep quality. The most common adverse drug effect was dry mouth, although 4 of the 5 studies did not report safety outcomes. Conclusions The studies in this review suggest hydroxyzine could be considered as a short‐term treatment option for adults with insomnia for whom previous therapy was ineffective, not tolerated, or contraindicated. Additional long‐term studies with an active comparator are needed to further establish its role in insomnia treatment.

Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are commonly prescribed medications for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on cardiovascular benefits. Objective This study aimed to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of once daily liraglutide vs once weekly semaglutide on T2DM in a Veteran population. Methods This was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study that included T2DM patients with a prescription for liraglutide or semaglutide between September 1st, 2019, and September 30th, 2020. Patients between groups were matched based on age and insulin use at baseline. The primary endpoint was the difference in hemoglobin A1c (A1c) between the most recent A1c in the study period and baseline A1c obtained prior to GLP-1 RA initiation. Results There were 154 patients included in the study. While mean reduction in A1c was numerically higher in the liraglutide group (−1.1% vs. −.8%), this was not statistically significant ( P = .22). The proportion of patients achieving A1c < 7%, < 8%, < 9%, or their patient-specific A1c goal did not differ between groups. Although baseline total daily doses of insulin were higher in the semaglutide group, these patients had numerically greater reductions in total daily dose of insulin and weight from baseline; however, no statistical difference was observed. Adverse drug reactions were more common in the semaglutide group (n = 14 vs. 9), leading to higher discontinuation rates as well (n = 11 vs. 8). Conclusion The results of this study indicate no difference between liraglutide and semaglutide in terms of A1c-lowering potential, but it provides insights into key considerations for the Veteran population.