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SUMMARYThe finite element (FE) simulation of large-scale soil-structure interaction problems (e.g. piled-raft, tunnelling, and excavation) typically involves structural and geomaterials with significant differences in stiffness and permeability. The symmetric quasi-minimal residual solver coupled with recently developed generalized Jacobi, modified symmetric successive over-relaxation (MSSOR), or standard incomplete LU factorization (ILU) preconditioners can be ineffective for this class of problems. Inexact block diagonal preconditioners that are inexpensive approximations of the theoretical form are systematically evaluated for mitigating the coupled adverse effects because of such heterogeneous material properties (stiffness and permeability) and because of the percentage of the structural component in the system in piled-raft foundations. Such mitigation led the proposed preconditioners to offer a significant saving in runtime (up to more than 10 times faster) in comparison with generalized Jacobi, modified symmetric successive over-relaxation, and ILU preconditioners in simulating piled-raft foundations.

After adenocarcinoma, squamous cell lung cancer is the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) among non-smokers. A tissue biopsy followed by imaging (chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT) lung, and positron emission tomography (PET) scan) is the best modality for confirmation and staging of the disease. Sometimes, the histopathological appearance of squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) can be confused with organizing pneumonia. Such findings can delay the diagnosis of SCLC, which can affect the treatment and course of the disease. Any lung mass that is highly suspicious for carcinoma should be closely monitored with imaging, and a repeat tissue biopsy should be done for a confirmation of the diagnosis to start appropriate therapy as soon as possible.

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