Background: Perinatal and infant oral health should be considered as the foundation of Pediatric preventive oral health care. A proper perinatal oral health care guidance provided by Gynecologists during the time of pregnancy can help an expectant mother to improve or maintain good oral health status and thereby reduce the complications that can be associated with poor oral health in the mother and can indirectly dictate the future oral health and general health of her child. Gynecologists who are aware about the infectious nature of the oral microbes and the effect of discrete periods or windows of inoculation should instruct the mother about the higher risk of developing dental caries in their children by the modification of maternal dental flora using proper perinatal preventive programs. Aim:To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Gynecologists of Central Kerala about the importance of early oral health care for children. Materials and methods:A questionnaire based cross sectional survey was conducted among 200 Gynecologists from Ernakulam and Thrissur district, Central Kerala, India. After obtaining the consent and explaining the nature of the study, a single investigator distributed the questionnaire among the randomly selected participants and requested to answer within 15-30 minutes. The answered sheets were collected back on the same day itself. Result: A statistical evaluation using the Chi-square was done to evaluate the homogeneity of the respondents and one way ANOVA to evaluate the influence of study parameters on categorical scale. Mean percentage score of each category was evaluated. The result showed that the Gynecologists had a good attitude towards child oral health related topics but a less score was obtained for the knowledge and practice category. Conclusion:Majority of the participants from the study advocated the need of improving their knowledge regarding the child health related topics in future to fill their knowledge gap so that they can effectively devote time and effort to inspect oral health of the child. Gynecologists preferred CME(Continuing medical education) and their respective journals for the purpose. An improvement in the multidisciplinary approach of Pedodontists was advocated to implement a positive attitude among these contributors so that they can perform preventive measures in the most effective and efficient way to nurture a caries free smile in a childs future.

Decision-making autonomy may be an important determinant of a business organization's performance. Yet, discussion on the subject has been very limited. Besides, the factors underlying variation in autonomy from one organization to another have not been identified. Lack of empirical studies has led to several stereotypes and myths about autonomy of business enterprises in various economic sectors. Based on questionnaire data and information from interviewing top level executives of enterprises in the public, the multinational and the private sectors in India, the paper identifies sectoral differences in autonomy, the multidimensionality of the concept of autonomy, and the situational determinants of autonomy.

Background:Breast carcinoma has become one of the leading causes of death among women. Early clinical detection of breast carcinoma through screening has led to the detection of the tumor at a relatively earlier clinical stage, which definitely reduced the mortality. Breast ultrasonography (US) has gained widespread acceptance as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of human breast disease and the ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) as the preferred method of tissue sampling. The present study aims to observe the diagnostic accuracy of US, in the assessment of breast masses compared to pathologic findings. Methods: This analytical, retrospective study was conducted on 246 patients that were referred for US scan in a tertiary care hospital of southern Tamilnadu, between January to December 2017. 110 breast masses from 246 patients were evaluated with US & US guided FNAB. BI-RADS US criteria combined with pathological findings were correlated in differentiation between benign and malignant masses. Sensitivity, Specificity & Accuracy were derived for US. Results:In our study the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value (PPV) & Negative predictive value (NPV) of US, in detecting malignant breast nodule, was found to be 94%, 97.67%, 98.43% and 91.30% respectively. The overall accuracy of US in detection of benign & malignant breast nodule was found to be 95.45%. Conclusions: BI-RADS criteria combined with US guided FNAB, well correlated with pathological findings, increases the rate of detection of Breast cancer and reduces the number of unnecessary surgical & radiological procedures and the overall cost of medical care.

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