Ganoderma lucidum has been extensively studied for its valuable medicinal importance. In this study, the artificial cultivation of G. lucidum strain Philippine in different culture media, including sawdust substrate, was performed and optimized on the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Phytochemical, antibacterial, and antioxidant analyses were performed and compared between the ethanol extracts prepared from two different cultures (fruit from synthetic log culture and mycelia from PDA media culture). Both the 200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL concentrations of extracts inhibited all the tested bacteria, and the results were promising than the corresponding control using antibiotics. The fruit extract showed higher antioxidant potential (150.6 ± 56.92 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract) than mycelial extract (144.28 ± 81.72 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract). The results indicate that fruiting bodies of G. lucidum cultivated in a complex dust medium possess higher antioxidant properties than mycelia culture, which can be further explored for therapeutic applications.

Methods:A cross sectional descriptive design was adopted for the study. 142 nurses were included by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected with self-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to reveal demographic information. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test were used to find out association of selected demographic variables and ethico legal aspects of nursing.Results: Majority of participants were belonging to 20-29 years of age. More than half nurses had complete bachelor's degree and had less than 10 year's experiences. Majority of participants reported that they did not encounter any legal issues in their professional life till date. Similarly, majority of participants had average level knowledge and equate level of practice. Years of experiences and education level did not affect in knowledge level and existing practice related to ethico legal aspect of nursing. There was no significant relationship between level of knowledge and existing practice. Conclusions: Nurses have average knowledge and practice on ethico legal aspects. There is positive relationship between knowledge and practice though it is not statistically significant.Keywords: Ethico-legal; knowledge, nursing practice. Nurse's Awareness on Ethico-legal Aspects of Nursing ProfessionKrishna Kumari Paudel Subedi, 1 Kalpana Timalsina, 1 Raja Laxmi Bhele 1 1 Nursing Department, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Bansbari, Kathmandu, Nepal. ABSTRACTOriginal article

The removal of Cr(VI) from the water was studied using raw and modified banana peels and pseudostem wastes as bio-adsorbent under the batch adsorption technique at room temperature. The chemical modification of raw adsorbents was performed by treating them with concentrated sulphuric acid. Characterizations were performed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. The raw form of adsorbents showed insignificant adsorption compared to the charred form. Therefore, the further process was carried out using modified adsorbents only. The maximum adsorption capacity for charred banana peel (CBP) and charred banana pseudostem (CBS)was found to be maximum at optimum equilibrium pH 2. The adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption model and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Therefore, owing to high efficiency and low cost with maximum removal percentage, thus prepared adsorbents are expected to be used satisfactorily in the adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been optimized for the determination of phosphate in the presence of arsenate. This method is based on the formation of phosphomolybdate complex from phosphate and added molybdate ion in an acidic medium, followed by the reduction of the complex with hydrazine hydrate. The system obeys Lambert-Beer’s law in the concentration range 60-1080 ppb. The optimized volume of different reagents was 3.5 mL of 0.25% ammonium molybdate, 1.5 mL of 0.25 N sulfuric acids, and 1 mL of 0.5 M of hydrazine hydrate. The time required for the full-color development was 15 minutes at 30oC. The arsenate interference was successfully removed by using sodium thiosulphate and sodium metabisulfite below the arsenic concentration of 100 ppb. 0.2 mL of 1 M sodium metabisulfite and 1 mL of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate were found to be the optimum volume for inhibiting arsenate interference below 100 ppb arsenate concentration.