There has been little, if any, discussion of the issue as of now b. There has been discussion among researchers, but little discussion among policy makers c. There has been discussion among both researchers and policy makers d. I am not sure -or other answer 1.1 In Australia, genomic research would require ethics approval like any other human research. DTP research would also attract the general requirements for approving human research, including minimizing risk and ensuring consent (Chapter 2.1-2.3 National Statement). In addition, there are specific requirements for Genomic Research in the National Statement in Chapter 3.3. Any proposed DTP genomic research would need to comply with the specific requirements of Chapter 3.3 to be satisfactorily addressed for ethical approval. 1.2 The National Health and Medical Research Council has the issue of Direct to Customer Genetic Testing under consideration and has published three relevant information documents. 1 1.3 The Commonwealth Australia Government, Department of Health has issued guidance for the Provision of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests: Guiding Principles for Providers. 2 The Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA) published a news page on Understanding Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing, with information on clinical-grade testing. 3 2. Assume that a researcher in your country wants to conduct DTP genomic research with participants in your country and that such research is subject to IRB/REC review. Please describe the conditions for IRB/ REC approval, if it could be approved at all.

For many years seeds and plant varieties were beyond the purview of intellectual property rights. But since the 1930s intellectual property rights have covered them. Till the advent of trade‐related intellectual property rights under the World Trade Organisation, nations had no obligation to extend intellectual property rights to them, unless they were members of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Apart from provisions of trade‐related aspects of intellectual property rights, changes in laws, technological advances, and judicial interpretations of laws have resulted in the strengthening of the rights of patent holders and breeders, while farmers' rights have been diminished or effectively nullified. This has other implications like restriction on the researchers' freedom to invent and innovate and for North–South trade in seeds and grains, particularly in GM crops such as soya. In this article, open source is suggested as a solution and a BioLinux model is put forth as an alternative. While it is not claimed that open source will be a panacea, this article highlights some of the possibilities that are opened up by open source. It also suggests that open source will be very useful in finding a solution to anti‐commons problems while promoting innovations.

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Agriculture in Bangladesh is at a stage where there is a need for research priority setting. Given the physical, financial and human resource base, there is a need for proper allocation of these resources for higher and sustainable growth in production and productivity. On the other hand, resource allocation is needed to be distributed based on the commodity and regional importance. The study generates indices of research priorities for the crop sector of Bangladesh in terms of commodities and regions keeping in view the national developmental goals. Growth rates were calculated and compared share of different sectors, commodities were used to determine the priorities which is basically initial base of the congruence analysis method. Literature survey was carried out to understand the priorities at different point of times given the grand realities based on the secondary data. Division wise share analysis was done to determine the regional priority. The study concludes and emphasizes the need for (a) the increased allocation in agricultural research (b) strengthening of rice research activities (c) proportional allocation of research budget for pulses, oilseeds, cash crops, fruits and vegetables, (d) reduction of improper trade balance in export-import, and (e) regional importance for research resource allocation.