The use of non-renewable resources emits a high quantity of CO 2 into environment, leading to a greenhouse effect, to reduce CO 2 emissions all countries have shifted to use renewable energy sources. Therefore, this study re-examines the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth across 38 renewable-energy-consuming countries from 1990 to 2018. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and heterogeneous non-causality approaches are applied. The empirical analysis confirms the presence of a long-run relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Further, we noted that renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, capital and labor have positive impact on economic growth, particularly, renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth for 58% of the sample countries. The empirical results suggest that international cooperation agencies, energy organizers, governments, and associated bodies must act together in increasing renewable energy investment for low carbon growth in most of these economies.

PurposeThe study investigates the impact of financial development, urban population, technology and energy consumption on economic output and carbon emissions in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) economies.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses Johansen Fisher type panel cointegration, fully modified ordinary least square and heterogeneous panel causality tests to examine long-run, long-run elasticities and short-run relationships. For conducting the tests, the study selected five emerging economies, i.e. Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa and used balanced panel data for the period between 1998 and 2016.FindingsThe empirical results confirm the presence of a long-run cointegration relationship among the variables. We find that financial development, technology and energy consumption have a considerable positive impact on economic output. Also, financial development, urban population and technology help reduce carbon (CO2) emissions and ensure an improved environmental quality in the long run in the five emerging economies. In the short run, a bidirectional causal relationship is noticed between financial development and CO2 emissions.Practical implicationsClean energy, technological development and investments by public–private partnerships are required in the public and private sectors to reduce carbon emissions. This not only ensures improved environmental quality but also increases energy efficiency, thereby reducing dependency on traditional energy consumption.Originality/valueAs its contribution to the extant literature, the study examines the impact of financial development, energy consumption, technology, urbanization, economic output and carbon emissions in BRICS economies. The findings of the research suggest both the governments and policymakers of these five emerging economies to develop more effective policies toward bolstering the financial development and increasing the use of technology. These, in turn, ensure sustainable development with low CO2 emission in the future and, eventually, pushing those five emerging market economies toward sustainable economic growth.

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The study applies the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model of Engle ( 2002 ) in order to capture the contagion effects during global financial crisis. We used daily stock returns for the period January 2002–December 2011 to study the contagion effects from the United States (US) to India. We have considered January 2002–December 2007 as the pre-crisis period and January 2008–December 2011 as crisis period. Empirical findings show that there has been a significant increase in the mean of correlation coefficient between the markets in the crisis periods compared to the pre-crisis period. This proves the existence of contagion between the US and Indian markets. However, this enhanced correlation does not lead to the removal of international diversification benefits since emerging markets still outperform in the long run due to reduced volatility. Finally, it should be noted that the presence of investment barriers and the importance of country-specific risks curtail foreign participation, even though it has grown considerably in a diminishing manner over time.