No abstract

International agreements and institutions affect innovation in developing countries. We analyze the impact of advanced country multinational enterprises (AMNEs) and supranational organizations on the regulatory adoption of global intellectual property protection standards. In particular, we investigate 60 developing countries that signed the Trade-relate Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement of the World Trade Organization in 1994. Our empirical findings show that a greater involvement of AMNEs in the domestic innovation systems of developing countries results in more stringent TRIPS adoption and convergence to advanced country IP protection standards. This relationship is positively moderated by country dependency on supranational organizations such as the International Monetary Fund. This analysis contributes to the literature on institutional change and institutional voids. It provides insights into the influence of external actors on the underlying change processes. Journal of International Business Studies (2019) 50, 826-846.

Despite increasing interest in offshoring of knowledge-intensive services, it is still undetermined if sourcing of services, truly creates the anticipated value for clients. Moreover, even less is known if there is value created for service providers in the process beyond the general service trade. This lack of knowledge is based on the challenges in capturing value creation, the unique production process of the services and the impact of offshoring on both value creation and the production process. This paper studies offshored service production processes in order to identify direct and indirect value creation for clients as well as service providers in the service production process. Methods: The paper applies a multiple case study method and studies one conglomerate with three offshored service production processes. The chosen method allows investigating the service production process and indirect/direct value creation within the process in detail. Findings: The study finds that there is direct value creation for the client and the service provider towards the end of the production processes as expected. However, more importantly it finds additional indirect value creation in various production stages. The indirect value is reflected in enhanced understanding of problems and own operations for the client and gained knowledge about clients and problem-solving approaches for the service provider as well as knowledge on international communication and team coordination for both firms. Research implications: This study contributes to offshoring literature with a comprehensive understanding on value creation in service offshoring for clients as well as service providers. It

Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.

No abstract