De nye femårige grunnskolelærerutdanningene i Norge skal utdanne lærere med fag-fordypning og forskningsbasert kunnskap. Disse lærerne skal kunne tilpasse opp-læringen til den enkelte elev og integrere spesialundervisning i grunnskolen. Studiens forskningsspørsmål er: Hvordan erfarer nyutdannede grunnskolelærere at den formelle lærerkompetansen fra en integrert femårig grunnskolelærerutdanning samsvarer med deres behov for kunnskap om tilpasset opplæring og spesialpedagogikk i yrkesstarten? Studien er basert på kvalitative intervjuer med 43 nyutdannede lærere fra de tre første grunnskolelærerkullene med femårig integrert masterutdanning for skolens trinn 1–7 og 5–10 fra UiT Norges arktiske universitet. Undersøkelsen inngår i det longitudinelle forskningsprosjektet «Relevant masterutdanning for grunnskolelærere». Analysen av data er basert på en temasentrert analysestrategi i NVivo12. Resultatene viser at de nyutdannede lærerne opplevde utfordringer med å tilpasse opplæringen for en sammensatt elevgruppe, og spesielt for elever med behov for særskilt tilrettelegging. De nyutdannede lærerne erfarte at de manglet kunnskap og ferdigheter til å arbeide med atferds¬problemer og bestemte diagnosegrupper. De manglet også kunnskap om hvordan det eksterne spesialpedagogiske støtteapparatet fungerer, og hvordan og når de skal melde inn tiltak. De nyutdannede tilegner seg spesialpedagogisk kompetanse ved å teste ut egne ideer, eller de bygger på råd fra kolleger. Enkelte deltar på kurs eller veiledning fra PPT, BUP eller andre aktører om temaer som individuelle opplæringsplaner eller diagnoser. Den erfaringsbaserte læringstilnærmingen styrker etablert og kritisert tenkning om spesialpedagogikk og viderefører et system som ikke fungerer (Nordahl et al., 2018). Nyutdannede lærere trenger mer kunnskap om inkluderende pedagogikk og relasjonell tenkning i utdanningen. Nøkkelord: femårig grunnskolelærerutdanning, nyutdannede lærere, spesialpedagogikk, tilpasset opplæring, relasjonell tenkning, inkluderende pedagogikk “It’s a very strange system!” – Special education, adapted education, and newly qualified teachers’ competence AbstractThe new Norwegian five-year primary and lower secondary school teacher education prepares teachers with increased subject-specific and research-based knowledge. These new teachers should be able to adapt teaching to individual students and integrate special education approaches. The research question is: How do newly qualified teachers experience their formal teacher competences from a five-year integrated master’s programme compared with their need for knowledge about adapted and special education at career-start? The study is based on qualitative interviews with 43 newly qualified teachers from the first three cohorts of a five-year integrated master’s teacher education programme at UiT The Arctic University of Norway. The study is part of the longitudinal research project “Relevant master education for school teachers”. Data are thematically analysed in Nvivo12 with results showing that new teachers experienced challenges in adapting teaching to all students, especially to students with needs of additional support. The new teachers found that they lack the competence to work with behavioural problems and particular diagnostic groups. They felt that they lack expertise on how external specialist support systems work and how and when to report concerns. Newly qualified teachers acquire special education competence by testing out their own ideas or based on advice from colleagues. Some also attend courses or seek guidance from support services on topics such as individual plans or diagnoses. The experience-based learning approaches taken by new teachers strengthen established and criticised thinking about special education and perpetuates a dysfunctional system. Newly qualified teachers need more knowledge about inclusive pedagogy, adapted education, and relational thinking in education. Keywords: primary and lower secondary school teacher education, newly qualified teachers, special education, adapted education, relational thinking, inclusive pedagogy
This study examines newly qualified teachers' (NQTs) understandings of research-based teacher education practices by looking at two cases in Finland and Norway. The NQTs were interviewed after they had finished their master's degrees and before they started their careers. The results of the individual semistructured interviews and a thematic analysis revealed a weak connection between research-based knowledge gained from initial teacher education (ITE) and the teachers' professional work. The Finnish NQTs were highly research oriented, while the Norwegian NQTs focused on teachers' development of their daily work. The results are discussed in relation to the theory of practice architectures, as well as how cultural-discursive, material-economic and social-political arrangements enable and constrain different kinds of research-based ITE practices in both countries.
De nye femårige grunnskolelærerutdanningene på masternivå skal kvalifisere for en profesjonsutøvelse som bygger på forsknings- og utviklingsarbeid (FoU). Det finnes få norske studier som undersøker hvordan lærere forstår og anvender forskningsbasert kunnskap i yrket (Mausethagen, 2015). Denne studien undersøker følgende forskningsspørsmål: Hvordan anvender nyutdannede lærere med master i grunnskolelærerutdanning sin FoU-kompetanse i skolen i de to første yrkesårene? Studien er en kvalitativ intervjustudie av 29 nyutdannede lærere etter ett år i yrket; 17 av informantene er også intervjuet på ny etter to år i yrket. Intervjudataene ble analysert ved bruk av temasentrert tilnærming. Undersøkelsen inngår i et longitudinelt forskningsprosjekt. Denne studiens resultater viser at FoU-kompetansen gir et kunnskapsgrunnlag for utvikling og forbedring av egen praksis, grunnlag for refleksjon over sin praksis og grunnlag for forbedring av undervisningspraksis og klasseledelse. Enkelte nyutdannede lærere blir også ressurspersoner på arbeidsplassen i sine fordypningsfag fra utdanningen. De nye lærerne har et positivt forhold til sin FoU-kompetanse og knytter den til personlig profesjonsutvikling, men forblir passive i forhold til skolens strategiske FoU-arbeid. Enkelte nyutdannede lærere uttrykker at de ikke anvender sin FoU-kompetanse utover egenrefleksjon i yrkesutøvelsen, på grunn av mange nye arbeidsoppgaver og tidsmangel. De nyutdannede oppfatter skolenes kvalitetsarbeid som utviklingsarbeid, og det er i mindre grad basert på systematisk forskningsarbeid. Resultatene indikerer at lærerutdanningen har et forbedringspotensial og bør vektlegge å utvide studentenes forståelse av FoU-kompetanse. Nøkkelord: femårig grunnskolelærerutdanning, forsknings- og utviklingsarbeid, nyutdannede lærere, FoU-kompetanse R&D competence of newly qualified primary and secondary school teachers – a basis for school development? AbstractThe new Norwegian five-year primary and lower secondary school teacher education at master level qualifies teachers for a professional practice based on research and development work (R&D). Few studies in Norway have investigated how teachers understand and apply research-based knowledge in the profession (Mausethagen, 2015). This theme is investigated in this study with the following research question: How do newly qualified teachers with master degree in primary and lower secondary school education use their R&D competence in school in the first two years? The data used were from semi-structured interviews of 29 newly qualified teachers after one year in the profession. We also interviewed 17 of the informants once more after two years’ work experience in the profession. The data were analyzed using theme-centered analysis. The study is part of a longitudinal research project. Results from the study show that R&D competence provides students with a knowledge base for development and improvement of their practice, a basis for reflection on the practice, and contributes to improving teaching practices and class management. Some newly qualified teachers also become resource persons in their subjects of specialization as a direct consequence of their education. The results also show variation in the newly qualified teachers’ participation in schools’ R&D projects, from central roles to completely peripheral participation. Other work tasks combined with time pressure prevent the use of R&D expertise. The results indicate that the new teacher education also has potential for improvement and should emphasize expanding the students’ understanding of R&D competence. Keywords: five-year primary and lower secondary school teacher education, research and development work, newly qualified teachers, R&D competence
UiT Norges arktiske universitet har gjennomført en nasjonal pilot i grunnskolelærerutdanning på masternivå, hvor de første studentene fullførte utdanningen og leverte masteroppgave våren 2015. Denne artikkelen fokuserer på hvilken relevans studentene opplever at masteroppgaven har for den fremtidige profesjonsutøvelsen deres. Å undersøke studentenes oppfatning av masterarbeidet er av betydning, ikke bare fordi masterutdanning blir en nasjonal ordning fra 2017, men også for å utvikle kunnskap om betydningen av forsknings- og utviklingskompetanse for grunnskolelærere. Studiens empiriske materiale er en intervjuundersøkelse med 22 av de 61 første masterstudentene. Undersøkelsen inngår i en longitudinell studie som vil belyse nyutdannedes profesjonslæring i starten av karrieren, og konkret hvordan lærere integrerer kunnskapen fra utdanningen med kunnskap og erfaringer de utvikler som ferske lærere. Resultatene fra denne delstudien viser at masterarbeidet har gitt studentene dybdekunnskap og FoU-kompetanse som er av betydning for den videre profesjonsutøvelsen. Studien viser også at det er betydningsfullt at masteroppgaven har forankring i skolens praksis og bidrar til utviklingen som lærer. Av materialet fremgår det også at studentene fremhever selvstendighet og evne til samarbeid, og de er stolte av masterarbeidet sitt. Resultatene er drøftet opp mot begrepene konseptuell og kontekstuell kunnskap (Afdal & Nerland, 2012; Muller, 2009) og i lys av profesjonsteori. Masterarbeidet synes avgjørende for profesjonsidentiteten, men det vil kreves et systematisk utviklingsarbeid for å kunne gi masterarbeidet kvaliteter som kan støtte opp om studentenes utvikling som profesjonelle lærere. For lærerutdanningene tilsier dette at FoU-kompetanse må gis oppmerksomhet fra første dag i utdanningen.Nøkkelord: grunnskolelærerutdanning, masteroppgave, nyutdannet lærer, FoU-kunnskap, profesjonell identitet, profesjonsidentitet, konseptuell/kontekstuell kunnskapAbstractThe National Teacher Education Curriculum in Norway will from 2017 be taught at master’s level, extending from four to five years. In relation to this, The University of Tromsø, the Arctic University of Norway, in 2010 launched a national pilot program in teacher education: a five year long research-based master’s degree, divided into two programs adjusted to the Norwegian educational system: 1st–7th and 5th–10th grade, from which the first students graduated in the spring of 2015. This article aims to examine the importance the master’s thesis holds for teacher education student’s development of knowledge and future professional work. The analyzed data consist of interviews conducted with 22 of the 61 graduating students from the national pilot program. The study is part of a five-year longitudinal research project, illuminating professional development of newly educated teachers with a master’s degree and in what way knowledge from Initial Teacher Education sustains when encountering the profession. It is important to explore the students’ views of the thesis, not only because the five-year master’s programs will be implemented on a national level, but also because knowledge about the significance of R&D for school teachers is needed. Our analysis shows that the results of the work with the thesis are deep knowledge, R&D competence deemed relevant for teaching, autonomy and interpersonal skills: the students reported feeling proud of their own work. The results are discussed in relation to the concepts contextual and conceptual knowledge (Afdal & Nerland, 2012; Muller, 2009) as well as relating to theories of professionalism. To achieve excellence in a R&D-based program, which can support student teachers’ professional development, a systematic and evolving approach is cruical. For the future development of teacher education at master’s level, this means that R&D competence must be emphasized from day one.Keywords: teacher education, master’s thesis, newly educated teacher, R&D knowledge, professional identity, conceptual/contextual knowledge
Research studies have documented the causes of perceived stress in teachers, while less attention has been given to identifying appropriate stress-management strategies. The aim of this article is to provide insight into the strategies for coping with stress that newly qualified primary and lower secondary school teachers with a five-year integrated master's degree from a Norwegian teacher education institution employ in their daily work after three years in the profession and the characteristics of these strategies. The data material consists of qualitative interviews with 27 teachers. The study shows that the teachers manage stress through: a) openness with and support from colleagues and family, b) shielding and escape, c) learning established stress-coping strategies and d) planning, structuring, and lowering ambitions. The themes are discussed with theoretical concepts of problem-, emotion-and relationship-focused coping strategies. The study discusses the limitations of Norwegian teacher education related to the handling of work stress.
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