Clinical stage was strongly associated with prognosis for dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma. Chemotherapy was effective in prolonging survival time during the early portion of the follow-up period. Combinations of doxorubicin-based conventional protocols and cyclophosphamide-based metronomic protocols appeared to be more effective than either type of chemotherapy alone, but prolongations in survival time resulting from current protocols were modest.

Marked preoperative thrombocytopenia or anemia and development of intraoperative ventricular arrhythmias were identified as risk factors for perioperative death in dogs with splenic masses. The risk of death may be limited by efforts to prevent thrombotic and coagulopathic syndromes and to control all sources of intra-abdominal hemorrhage.

SHO can be performed successfully in dogs to limit the radiographic progression of osteophytosis and increase use of the affected limb; however, the complication rate is high and further implant or technique modifications are needed to improve results.

Our purpose was to report the use of an interlocking nail-hybrid external fixator construct to correct distal femoral deformities in three dogs. Radiographs, computed tomography and a three-dimensional model were used to plan the surgical procedure. A femoral osteotomy or ostectomy was performed at the level of the centre of rotation of angulation in all three dogs. Angular and rotational deformities were corrected acutely. Distraction osteogenesis was performed to lengthen each femur postoperatively. All three dogs had additional anatomic abnormalities of the affected hindlimb complicating the correction of the distal femoral deformity. While the interlocking nail-hybrid fixator construct allowed for stable distraction of the femur, all three dogs developed complications during the postoperative convalescent period, and each had some degree of residual lameness. Lengthening the femur following acute deformity correction is problematic and additional experimental and clinical studies are warranted to decrease postoperative morbidity and improve functional results.

S plenic masses in dogs include malignant neoplasms such as hemangiosarcoma, nonendothelial sarcomas, and lymphoma and benign lesions such as hematoma and nodular hyperplasia. [1][2][3] Hemangiosarcoma, an aggressive cancer with a high rate of metastasis, is the most common malignant splenic mass. [2][3][4][5] Median survival times reported for dogs with hemangiosarcoma are 19 to 86 days after splenectomy alone and 117 to 277 days after splenectomy with adjuvant treatment. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Other malignant splenic masses are less common but are frequently disseminated and ultimately fatal. 15,16 In contrast, dogs with benign splen-