Genetically, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is characterized by multiple chromosomal changes, especially losses. The most common losses include chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21. The Fuhrman grading system lacks prognostic relevance for ChRCC, and recently, a new grading system for ChRCC was proposed by Paner. The objective of this study was to map the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations (extent and location) in a large cohort of ChRCCs and relate these findings to the Paner grading system (PGS). A large cohort of ChRCC was reviewed and graded according to the PGS. All the cases were reevaluated and separated into groups according to their PGS. The final study set was 37 patients. ChRCCs were divided into PG 1-3, sarcomatoid, and aggressive groups. "Aggressive ChRCCs" were designated cases with known metastatic activity, local recurrence, aggressive growth to the adjacent organs, or invasive growth into the renal sinus (with/without angioinvasion). Sarcomatoid tumors were divided into their epithelial and sarcomatoid component (further molecular genetic analyses were performed separately). Array comparative genome hybridization and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was applied to 42 samples from the 37 cases. Multiple losses, as well as gains, were detected in different chromosomes. Regardless of the PGS groups, the most frequently detected losses involved chromosomes 1 (27/37), 2 (26/37), 6 (23/37), 10 (26/37), 13 (19/37), and 17 (24/37). Loss of chromosome 21 was found in 12/37 cases. The most frequently detected gains were found on chromosomes 4 (22/37), 7 (24/37), 15 (20/37), 19 (22/37), and 20 (21/37). Cluster analysis showed that there is no relation between PGS and particular pattern of chromosomal changes (losses or gains) in ChRCCs. Conclusions are as follows: (1) ChRCCs showed a significantly broader spectrum of chromosomal aberrations than previously recognized. While previously published chromosomal losses were found in our cohort, gains of multiple chromosomes were also identified in a high percentage. The most frequently detected gains involved chromosomes 4, 7, 15, 19, and 20. (2) There is no relation between chromosomal numerical changes and Paner grading system.

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The narrow-band imaging (NBI) International Colorectal Endoscopic (NICE) classification is based on narrow-band pictures of colon polyps viewed through a narrow-band spectrum. The categorisation utilises staining, surface structure, and vascular patterns to differentiate between hyperplastic and adenomatous colon polyps. It is known that accuracy of the NICE classification for colorectal polyps varies depending on the localisation in the colon.The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the NICE classification and the gold standard — morphological analysis for the determination of the type of colorectal lesions depending on localisation in colon. A prospective study was performed in an outpatient clinic. 1214 colonoscopies were performed by two expert endoscopists and 475 polyps were found in 291 patients. The overall diagnostic accuracy of the NICE classification was 80.3%. Optical verification was better in ascending colon — 93.9%, followed by sigmoid colon — 82.1%. Inferior results were found for the descending colon — 64.0%. The results of this study showed that the NICE classification could be a helpful instrument in daily practice for the ascending and sigmoid colon. For better results, proper training should be considered. The NICE system could have a role in the replacement of morphological analysis if appropriate results of verification could be achieved.