This paper examines the causes, processes, and outcomes of the two Belize sovereign debt restructurings in 2006-07 and in 2012-13, which occurred outside an IMF-supported program. It finds that the motivation for the two debt restructurings differed, as the former was driven by external liquidity concerns while the latter was motivated by a substantial increase in the coupon rates and future fiscal solvency concerns. Despite differential treatment between residents and non-residents, both 2006-07 and 2012-13 debt exchanges were executed through collaborative engagement, due in part to the existence of a broad-based creditor committee and the authorities' effective communication strategy. However, while providing temporary liquidity relief, neither of the debt restructurings properly addressed long-term debt sustainability concerns. Going

This paper examines the causes, processes, and outcomes of the two Belize sovereign debt restructurings in 2006-07 and in 2012-13 that occurred outside of an IMF-supported program. It finds that the motivation for the two debt restructurings differed, as the former was driven by external liquidity concerns while the latter was motivated by a substantial increase in the coupon rates and future fiscal solvency concerns. Despite differential treatment between residents and non-residents, both 2006-07 and 2012-13 debt exchanges were executed through collaborative engagement, due in part to the existence of a broad-based creditor committee and the authorities' effective communication strategy. However, while providing temporary liquidity relief, neither of the debt restructurings properly addressed long-term debt sustainability concerns. Going forward, the success of the 2012-13 debt restructuring will still depend on the country's ability to strengthen fiscal efforts and public debt management framework.

This paper develops a convergence model of the term structure of interest rates in the context of entering the EMU. Compared with the other models developed so far in this field, our model specification ensures convergence of the domestic short-term interest rates to the euro area ones. We achieve this convergence by stating that the spread between the domestic and euro short-term interest rates follows the Brownian bridge process. We also develop an econometric counterpart of the theoretical model. To address the problem of nonstationarity and nonlinearity of the model, the extended Kalman filter for coefficient estimation is applied.

No abstract