Sedimentary greigite (Fe 3 S 4 ) can form either by "biologically controlled " or by "biologically induced min eralization " (BCM and BIM, respectively). In order to identify the origin of magnetic Fe sulfides, we studied and compared the sizes and morphologies of greigite crystals produced by a magnetotactic microorganism (previously described and referred to as the "many-celled magnetotactic prokaryote ", MMP) and Fe sulfides from two specimens of Miocene sedimentary rocks (from £±ka, in the foredeep of the Western Carpathians and from Michalovce, in the Transcarpathian Depression). Greigite grains from the MMP and the £±ka rock show nearly Gaussian crystal-siz e distributions (CSDs), whereas the CSD is lognormal for Fe sulfides from the Michalovce rock. We simulated various crystal-growth mechanisms and matched the calculated and observed CSDs; crystals from the MMP and the £±ka rock have CSDs that are consistent with random growth of crystal nuclei in an open system, whereas the CSD of the Michalovce Fe sulfides is consistent with surface-controlled growth followed by supply-controlled growth in an open system. On the basis of CSDs and characteristic contrast features in the transmission electron microscope, greigite in the £±ka rock is likely of BCM origin, whereas the Fe sulfide crystals in the other rock sample were produced by BIM processes. Our results indicate that the methods we applied in this study may contribute to the identification of the origin of magnetic Fe sulfide minerals in sedimentary rocks.

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A novel method for process development is presented. The approach is based on the evaluation of available technologies and aiming at new and innovative designs by combining their best features in a creative way. The knowledge is extracted either directly from similar processes or from processes with sufficient analogy. A case study on melamine process development is given to illustrate the application of the methodology.

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