Over the last few decades, there is a paramount shift in the implementation of pediatric anesthesia. Although for most of the time, difficult airway scenarios are well-planned and executed, occasionally an unanticipated difficult situation may still arise. This is more common in patients with orofacial anomalies such as cleft lip and palate which constitute one of the most common craniofacial anomalies. Various approaches to difficult airway management in an infant undergoing cleft repair have been described in the literature. However, no approach is considered ideal. It depends on age, associated anomalies, at hand resources, and the skill of the anesthesiologist. The unique anatomical and physiological features of pediatric airways impose additional challenges. The evolution of advanced airway modalities such as video laryngoscopes (VLs) and fiber-optic bronchoscopes had a major impact on the practice of anesthesia and the management of difficult airway scenarios in children and neonates. This article focuses on airway assessment and various current techniques and equipment used in airway management of cleft anomalies. Pediatric airway devices such as supraglottic airways, VLs, and fiber-optic bronchoscopes are briefly discussed with the benefits and limitations of each device. Recent studies describe specific problems as well as advantages with the usage of these devices.

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Cardiac patient for non cardiac surgery has since forever been a topic of interest for the anaesthesiologist. Few cases have only been reported with their own suitable line of management, however the simultaneous use of combined epidural spinal anaesthesia and Dexmedetomidine, an α2 agonist has been studied by only a handful. Use of epidural for incremental doses of local anaesthetic for allaying the postoperative pain and thereby reducing the occurrence of ischemic events is also being described.