A reliable dating of forensic traces revealed at the crime scenes is still one of the most challenging issues of forensic science. While there are lot of proprietary research and development methods being promoted and applied within various fields of forensic research, the issue in question remains largely unresolved and as such justifies an evaluation. As fingerprints and bloodstains are nowadays one of the most important types of forensic traces often revealed at crime scenes worldwide and utilized in practice for human identification purposes, a descriptive method has been applied to present current research paths and a potential to provide long awaited resolution of the issue in question. A review of research approaches undertaken by various forensic scientists and joint research teams leads to the conclusion a progress has been achieved through utilization of both new research concepts and application of fast evolving and advancing technologies, yet no scientifically proven ultimate solutions have been presented. This issue remains controversial and still unresolved despite numerous attempts to establish both commonly agreed and reliable markers or characteristics corresponding to a complex issue of ageing of forensic traces, as there are various internal and external factors impacting the process in question.

Niniejsza publikacja poświęcona jest problematyce roli oraz funkcjonowania służb specjalnych w uwarunkowaniach państwa demokratycznego oraz niedemokratycznego, w szczególności w kontekście potrzeby zapewniania przez te służby adekwatnych informacji dla potrzeb instytucji państwowych, jako warunku sine qua non jego sprawnego funkcjonowania w aktualnych warunkach geopolitycznych. Jest to zagadnienie multidyscyplinarne, z pogranicza nauk o bezpieczeństwie oraz nauk prawnych. Analizie poddano zarówno umocowanie instytucjonalne, w pewnym zakresie otoczenie prawne, jak również wymagania i zadania stawiane służbom specjalnych, przeciwstawiając sobie dwa porządki – państwa niedemokratycznego na przykładzie Rosji oraz państwa demokratycznego – na podstawie Polski. Wskazano na aktualne wyzwania informacyjne w kontekście rozwoju technologicznego i cyfryzacji społeczeństwa, a także dokumentów oraz polityk państwa o znaczeniu strategicznym.

Development of information society of XXI century brought, apart from many welcomed and positive consequences contributing to further development of civilization, also new and unknown threats that are now permanent element of our social reality. Said threats, that are also a subject of constant evolution coupled with advancements of technology, can be characterized by high dynamics of growth and serious negative consequences both regarding high scale material losses they cause as well as other unwanted consequences regarding functioning of whole societies. An efficient countermeasures and fight with the threats in question poses a real challenge to law enforcement and other state institutions responsible for provision and maintenance of public security. Taking into account an economical dimension of discussed phenomenon it seems to be also a field of possible cooperation between public institutions and private sector, vitally interested in minimization of financial loses. Effective neutralization of negative phenomena in cyberspace considered from the point of view of social sciences -taking an education of a human (cyberspace user) as the main point of interest -requires, considering methodology of social sciences, an application of descriptive method for an overview and organization of basic definitions and concepts, together with analysis of phenomenon in question, it's evolution and assessment of strategic countermeasure programs. All this in order to apply a method of synthesis to make determination regarding established issue -

Threats are one of the most serious threats to the legal order of a democratic state. Their non-linear, asymmetric nature makes them more dangerous than other threats to the legal order. The use of multifaceted measures as a weapon disrupts, above all, the legal order of the state. Hybrid threats rely heavily on non-military domains. Civilian populations are central to the hybrid threat scenarios as sources for potential socio-political vulnerabilities and as targets for non-military threats and attacks, not least disinformation campaigns. A significant part of the hybrid threat phenomena is psychological. Actors targeting communities/societies to exacerbate weaknesses do not necessarily create social vulnerabilities themselves but make use of divisions that already exist in civil society. Using disinformation, populations are targeted and used as potential weapons within the state/society in question. This paper shows a concrete scientific approach to the study to of this issue.