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Pedagogical experiment showed that the author's method of distance learning by exam, carried out using e-mail, allowing students to correct their exam works and, consequently to raise their grades, is effective in case of difficult transfer tasks, increases motivation of learners and fosters durable knowledge. The efficacy of the method depends on encouragements addressed to all students to take the attempts to raise their grades. It is advisable to conduct further research into ways and forms of their use. The study confirmed that e-mail can be an effective tool for communication between student and her/his teacher.

The aim of the European Union’s cohesion policy is to reduce development inequalities between the regions of the Member States and to increase economic, social, and territorial cohesion. Expenditures on it account for one‑third of the European Union (EU) budget. Therefore, the appropriate and effective use of the structural funds plays a very important role. The purpose of the paper is to show the effectiveness of using the EU’s structural funds in two of the largest beneficiary countries in the programming period 2014–2020. The first part of the paper presents the efficiency and effectiveness of using EU structural funds and the barriers related to their implementation, as well as the main characteristics of the 2014–2020 programming period. The second part contains a statistical analysis of the effectiveness of implementing the cohesion policy in Poland and Italy, comparing the amounts of planned and spent funds in the analyzed period. The main method is the statistical analysis, which includes asummary of the amount of allocated funds and their use, as well as a calculation of the percentage of structural funds used. The theoretical part shows potential problems related to the implementation, while the statistical part shows the scale of the problem and the areas with the greatest problems with implementation in both countries.The analysis takes into account thematic objectives, as well as national and regional operational programs.

No abstract

A New Synthetic Approach to 5-Dethia-4-methyl-5-oxacephems. -Starting from azetidinone (I), diastereomeric 3-methylene and 3-oxo-cephams (VI)/(VII) and (VIII)/(IX), resp., are prepared via Lewis acid promoted cyclization of acetate (IV) providing diastereomer (VI) with ca. 80% diastereomeric excess. Bromide (II) is prepared in six steps starting from (S)-ethyl lactate. For comparison, the corresponding racemic cephams lacking a methyl group at C-4 or bearing 4,4-dimethyl at C-4 are also synthesized. -(KALUZA*, Z.; KAZIMIERSKI, A.; LEWANDOWSKI, K.; SUWINSKA, K.; SZCZESNA, B.; CHMIELEWSKI, M.; Tetrahedron 59 (2003) 31, 5893-5903; Inst. Org. Chem., Pol. Acad. Sci., PL-01-224 Warsaw, Pol.; Eng.) -Klein 45-205