No abstract

The purpose of the article is the estimation of the level of development of Polish-Ukrainian transborder regions, provision of an outline of problems and perspectives of their development, and of possible ways of solving such problems. The hypothesis states that the border line, on both the Ukrainian and Polish sides, is a powerful negative factor in the development of border regions. It is particularly visible on the Ukrainian side of the border. In order to delimitate the research area, the criterion of its location on counties (administration areas are named: in Poland — “poviat,” in Ukraine — “raion”) frame was applied. Therefore, for the transborder region, we consider administrative units located directly near the border: 9 counties of the Lubelskie and Podkarpackie voivodships for the Polish side, and 10 counties of 3 transborder regions in Ukraine (Lviv, Volyn, and Zakarpattia). For complex analysis of its development, we selected 9 diagnostic variables of sociodemographic, environmental, and economic development. In order to evaluate the level of development of transborder region, the synthetic index of its development was elaborated (Perkal index). The analysis of the spatial distribution of selected variables showed similarities in the development of Polish-Ukrainian transborder regions by environmental aspect, but significant differences in economic and sociodemographic depictions. In the context of the Perkal index, 4 classes of development of administrative units were elaborated. The worst situation regarding development was observed in the Volodymyr Volynskyi County with a level of development of -0,58. The best situation was observed in the case of the Bieszczadzki County with a level of development of 0,50. According to the authors, greater integration of Ukraine with the European Union, and active policy for activation of transborder regions could contribute to a reduction of differences in development of Polish-Ukrainian border regions.

W artykule przedstawiono tendencje przemian demograficznych dokonujących się na przełomie XX i XXI w. na terenie Polesia Lubelskiego. W oparciu o analizy danych statystycznych zostały ukazane zmiany zaludnienia, przyrostu naturalnego i migracji w ujęciu ogólnym, jak również w przekroju miast i wsi. Zaakcentowano główne cechy współczesnej struktury płci i wieku mieszkańców regionu. Ponadto, zwrócono uwagę na przestrzenne zróżnicowanie procesów i zjawisk demograficznych w poleskich miastach i gminach. Współczesne przemiany ludnościowe na Polesiu zostały zaprezentowane na tle czasów powojennych. Obecna sytuacja jest bowiem wynikiem wieloletnich niekorzystnych procesów demograficznych, społecznych i gospodarczych w regionie. Dodatkowo, zwrócono uwagę na możliwe dalsze konsekwencje zachodzących aktualnie zmian w zakresie rozwoju demograficznego.

No abstract

This paper discusses simplified methods of translation evaluation in two seemingly disparate areas: machine translation (MT) technology and translation for EU institutions. It provides a brief overview of methods for evaluating MT output and proposes simplified solutions for small LSPs and freelancers dealing with specialised translation of this kind. After discussing the context of the study and the process of machine translation, an analysis of fragments of the selected specialist text (an EU regulation) is carried out. The official English and Polish versions of this document provide the basis for a comparative evaluation of raw machine translation output obtained with selected commercially available (paid) neural machine translation engines (NMT). Quantitative analysis, including the Damerau-Levenshstein edit distance parameters and the number of erroneous segments in the text, combined with a manual qualitative analysis of errors and terminology can be a serviceable method for small LSPs and freelance translators to evaluate the usefulness of neural machine translation engines.