Background: Surgical site infections are dreaded by many as they impose a greater economic costs, morbidity and mortality that in developing countries place a burden on an already burdened healthcare system. In Tanzania previously studies done in different centers reported high rates of Surgical Site Infection. This study aimed to quantify in a low income, tertiary hospital, the rate of Surgical Site infections, microorganisms implicated and their respective sensitivity pattern to local antibiotics, and associated perioperative risk factors in electively operated surgical and gynecological patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre.Method: 301 patients admitted for elective procedures in the surgical and gynecological units were enrolled consecutively after consenting for the study. A standardized data collection form was used to record patients' information on perioperative risk factors. Patients were followed up in surgical outpatient clinic up to one month post discharge. Swabs from wounds showing signs of infection were taken for culture and sensitivity and processed at the laboratory as per standard operating procedures.Results: Out of a total of 301 patients, 181 patients were from general surgical ward and 115 from gynecological wards. Females were more than males (3:1) with most, 43.9% within the age group 40 to 60 years. Overall, 21.3% of the patients developed surgical site infection. 71 organisms were isolated, S. Aureus species were the leading cause of surgical site infections making 52% of the total isolates. Most of the gram positive organisms were resistant to ampicillin, the common antibiotic used in the gynecology unit. Contaminated wounds were 10 times more likely to develop surgical site infections, and clean contaminated wounds fi ve times when compared to clean wounds. Duration of procedure, Surgeons skills, wound class and number of people in theater showed signifi cant association with surgical site infection, however only wound class and duration of procedure remained statistically signifi cant after a multivariate analysis. Conclusion:We found an SSI rate of 21.3%, slightly higher than previous studies in the same center. The wound class and duration of procedure remained signifi cant risk factors after logistic regression analysis. As with other studies, S. Aureus was the most common causative organism for SSI isolated from our study.

Background: Head injury causes significant morbidity and mortalityand accounts for about 10 million cases globally. In Tanzaniait's the most common type of injury contributing about 32% to 50% of all trauma patients. Favorable outcomes for head injury patients depends on initial evaluation and proper timely intervention. This study aimed at determining the prognostic indicators for short term outcomes in operated head injury patients at KCMC. Method: Operated head injury patients meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled and followed to the point of discharge.Age, cause of injury, time of injury to surgery, indication for surgery,GCS, ISS were recorded on admission. Outcomes of interest(GOS and hospital stay) were recorded ondischarge. The association between age, GCS on admission, ISS and time of injury to surgery and outcomes was done using Chi square test. Results: A total of 57 patients were enrolled in the study with the median age of 34 years (range 22-44 years). Males accounted for 71.9% of participants. The mean admission GCS 11.9 (+/-3.4) and median ISS of 9(range 4-52). RTA was the leading cause of injuries with 56.1% followed by falls and assaults. The median hospital stay was 5 days (range 1-66) with median GOS of 5 (range 1-5). The overall mortality was 14%.Of those with fatal outcome (n=8), 87.5% had ISS ≥ 16 (P=0.004) and Unfavorable GOS of 84.7% (n=13) (P=0.01). GCS ≤ 8 was associated with mortality of 63% (n=8) (P=0.003), unfavorable GOS in 61.5% (n=13) (P=0.015) and 90% of those who stayed > 8 days had GCS< 13. Time of injury to surgery and social demographic characteristics had no significant association with fatality, GOS and hospital stay. Conclusion: ISS and GCS were important predictors of outcomes and thus their use in patient assessment should be encouraged. Furthermore GOS may be used as a primary measure of outcomes for patients with head injury.