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We measure the performance, in the task of apportioning the Congress of the United States, of an algorithm combining a heuristic-driven (simulated annealing) search with an exact-computation dynamic programming evaluation of the apportionments visited in the search. We compare this with the actual algorithm currently used in the United States to apportion Congress, and with a number of other algorithms that have been proposed. We conclude that on every set of census data in this country's history, the heuristic-driven apportionment provably yields far fairer apportionments than those of any of the other algorithm considered, including the algorithm currently used by the United States for Congressional apportionment.

Abstract. Integrated approach to education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has recently become a common practice. Technologies such as wireless graphing calculators, electronic whiteboards, and computers help engage students in classroom activities. Modeling and simulation software allow experimentation without usual prerequisites while enabling a pedagogical approach to display interconnectedness of math and science. Controlled simulations and layered approach to learning seem to offer long-sought support for inquiry-based curricula in public schools. Today's jobs require multiple skills, necessitating a broader college education. While students with multiple majors can be seen on college campuses, the overall number of degree holders in technical fields has gone down steadily. A handful of institutions have established multidisciplinary programs to adjust to these concerns and to better serve diverse interests of students.

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